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Related Concept Videos

Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design01:28

Structure-Activity Relationships and Drug Design

Drug design is a dynamic field that involves discovering and developing new medications based on specific biological targets. This process heavily relies on structure-activity relationships (SAR) and quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) to guide the design and optimization of efficient drugs.
SAR studies the intricate relationship between a drug's chemical structure and biological activity. It focuses on understanding how modifications to a drug's structure can influence its...
Principles of Drug Action01:24

Principles of Drug Action

Drugs are chemical substances that modify biological responses by interacting with macromolecular targets such as receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes. Pharmacodynamics describes the course of action of drugs leading to the physiological effect at a specific site in the body.
Drugs can be agonists or antagonists. Like the endogenous ligands, agonists always bind and activate the target to produce a cellular response. Agonist binding induces a conformational change which in turn...
Targets for Drug Action: Overview01:26

Targets for Drug Action: Overview

Drugs target macromolecules to modify ongoing cellular processes. Primary drug targets include receptors, ion channels, transporters, and enzymes.
Receptors are either membrane-spanning or intracellular proteins, which upon binding a ligand, get activated and transmit the signal downstream to elicit a response. Drugs bind receptors, either mimicking the action of endogenous ligands or blocking the receptor activity to bring about a modified response. Nearly 35% of approved drugs target the G...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
Drug Products: Biologics, Biosimilars and Interchangeables01:28

Drug Products: Biologics, Biosimilars and Interchangeables

Biologics, derived from living sources such as humans, animals, or microorganisms, represent a significant category of pharmaceuticals. These complex molecules, developed through advanced biotechnological methods or purified from natural sources, include essential medical treatments like insulin and growth hormones. The complexity of biologics arises from their large molecular structures and the intricate processes required for their production, making them distinct from conventional...
Drug Discovery: Overview01:26

Drug Discovery: Overview

Drug discovery is a multifaceted process involving extensive screening, testing, and optimization of lead compounds to identify potential new drugs for therapeutic use. It combines several approaches, including screening large numbers of natural products, chemical modification of known active molecules, identification of new drug targets, and rational design based on biological mechanisms and drug-receptor structure. These approaches are carried out in both academic research laboratories and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors
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How close are we to having structure-modifying drugs available?

David J Hunter1, Marie-Pierre Hellio Le Graverand-Gastineau

  • 1Division of Research, New England Baptist Hospital, 125 Parker Hill Ave., Boston, MA 02120, USA. djhunter@caregroup.harvard.edu

Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America
|August 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This review clarifies disease modification in osteoarthritis, differentiating between prevention, retardation, and reversal. It explores evidence and challenges for developing effective disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs).

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Published on: December 22, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology and Orthopedics
  • Pharmacology and Drug Development

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease with significant unmet medical needs.
  • Current treatments primarily manage symptoms, not disease progression.
  • The concept of disease modification in OA is complex and evolving.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and differentiate stages of disease modification: prevention, retardation, halting, and reversal.
  • To review the current evidence for disease-modifying agents in osteoarthritis.
  • To discuss the clinical meaningfulness and methodological challenges in developing disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs).

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature on disease modification in osteoarthritis.
  • Analysis of clinical trial methodologies and obstacles to demonstrating efficacy.
  • Discussion of the role of cartilage and other joint structures in disease modification.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for true disease reversal in OA is currently limited.
  • Focus on cartilage modification is important but may be insufficient; other structures also play a role.
  • Demonstrating efficacy of DMOADs requires robust clinical trial designs addressing specific endpoints.

Conclusions:

  • Disease modification in OA is a complex, multi-faceted concept.
  • Significant challenges exist in developing and proving the efficacy of DMOADs.
  • Future research should focus on comprehensive approaches and refined clinical trial methodologies.