Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Is the Greulich and Pyle Bone Atlas Suitable When Measuring Bone Age for Pediatric ACL Reconstruction in the Modern US Population? Analysis Within the PLUTO Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study.

Journal of pediatric orthopedics·2026

Same author

The Efficacy of Bracing in Nonoperative Care of Medial Femoral Condyle Osteochondritis Dissecans: A Study From the Research in Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee (ROCK) Study Group.

The American journal of sports medicine·2026

Same author

Predictive Factors for Fast Healing Following Surgery for Knee Osteochondritis Dissecans.

The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume·2026

Same author

Virtual Health in Primary Care and Hospital Medicine: Integrating Telehealth, Remote Patient Monitoring, Hospital-at-Home, E-consult, and Technology to Expand Patient Access and Continuity of Care.

The Medical clinics of North America·2026

Same author

Comparison Between Performance of Disease-Specific and Region-Specific Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Adolescents After Patellofemoral Stabilization Surgery: Data From the JUPITER Cohort.

The American journal of sports medicine·2026

Same author

Bridging Inpatient and Outpatient Care: A Scoping Review on Discharge Summary Documentation Timeliness and Quality.

Journal of Brown hospital medicine·2026

Same journal

Severe Postoperative Hypernatremia in an Adolescent Following Sleeve Gastrectomy.

Pediatrics·2026

Same journal

Barriers to Implementing SMART for Asthma in Pediatric Primary Care.

Pediatrics·2026

Same journal

Blood Lead Testing Among Children Enrolled in Medicaid.

Pediatrics·2026

Same journal

From Screening to Support: Crafting Social Needs Response Systems That Work for Families.

Pediatrics·2026

Same journal

A Social Care Intervention in Pediatric Practices: A Stepped Wedge Cluster Trial.

Pediatrics·2026

Same journal

Pediatric Cheerleading-Related Head Injuries and the "Double Down" Rule Change.

Pediatrics·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Simplified Intrafemoral Injections Using Live Mice Allow for Continuous Bone Marrow Analysis

Simplified Intrafemoral Injections Using Live Mice Allow for Continuous Bone Marrow Analysis

Published on: November 10, 2023

Optimal intramuscular needle-penetration depth.

William C Lippert¹, Eric J Wall

¹Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 2017, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.

|August 13, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Current needle length guidelines for childhood vaccinations pose a significant risk of overpenetration. This study suggests revising vaccination needle length recommendations to ensure proper intramuscular injection depth in children.

More Related Videos

Ultrasound-guided Transthoracic Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Ultrasound-guided Transthoracic Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Published on: August 5, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Simplified Intrafemoral Injections Using Live Mice Allow for Continuous Bone Marrow Analysis

Simplified Intrafemoral Injections Using Live Mice Allow for Continuous Bone Marrow Analysis

Published on: November 10, 2023

Ultrasound-guided Transthoracic Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Ultrasound-guided Transthoracic Intramyocardial Injection in Mice

Published on: August 5, 2014

Area of Science:

Pediatric medicine
Medical imaging
Vaccinology

Background:

Current US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines recommend specific needle lengths for pediatric intramuscular vaccinations based on age.
While underpenetration is a known risk, the potential for overpenetration with longer needles has been less studied.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine optimal needle lengths for pediatric intramuscular vaccinations at the thigh and shoulder.
To assess the risk of needle overpenetration based on children's age and size using advanced imaging techniques.

Main Methods:

A retrospective review of 250 MRI and CT scans of pediatric shoulders and thighs (ages 2 months to 18 years).
Measurement of subcutaneous fat and muscle layer thicknesses.
Correlation of measurements with patient age and weight, followed by regression analysis.

Main Results:

Using CDC-recommended needles (1- and 1.25-inch) for thigh injections in children over 1 year old resulted in 11% and 39% overpenetration, respectively.
For shoulder injections, CDC-recommended needles (0.625-, 0.75-, and 1-inch) led to 11%, 55%, and 61% overpenetration, respectively.
A minimal risk of underpenetration (2%) was observed in thigh injections.

Conclusions:

A substantial risk of overpenetrating the intramuscular layer exists with current CDC vaccination needle length recommendations.
Revising needle-length guidelines for pediatric thigh and shoulder injections is recommended to minimize overpenetration risk.
Recommendations should account for observed variations in subcutaneous fat thickness.