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Bone Disorders

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

What is the Skeletal System?

What is the Skeletal System?

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

[Mandible osteonechrosis associated to bisfosfonates].

Sebastián Carranza Lira¹

¹UMAE, Hospital de Ginecoobstetricia Luis Castelazo Ayala, IMSS, DF Mexico. scarranzal@mexis.com

Ginecologia Y Obstetricia De Mexico

|August 14, 2008

Summary

Powerful bisphosphonates increase the risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). Close monitoring is crucial for cancer patients and those on long-term bisphosphonate therapy.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Pharmacology
Oral Surgery

Context:

Mandibular osteonecrosis (MONC) affects 1-10% of cancer patients using potent bisphosphonates.
Bisphosphonates are commonly prescribed for osteoporosis and cancer-related bone conditions.

Purpose:

To conduct a literature review on Mandibular Osteonecrosis (MONC).
To establish the current understanding and status of MONC.

Summary:

MONC presents with varied symptoms, including gingival swelling, exposed necrotic bone, and pain, often mimicking dental issues.
Diagnosis relies on patient history, including age, bisphosphonate use (especially intravenous and long-term), cancer, and chemotherapy.
Etiology remains unclear, with multiple theories proposed but none fully conclusive.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

A Novel in vivo Gene Transfer Technique and in vitro Cell Based Assays for the Study of Bone Loss in Musculoskeletal Disorders

Published on: June 8, 2014

Impact:

Highlights the association between high-potency, long-duration bisphosphonates and increased MONC risk.
Emphasizes the need for vigilant surveillance of MONC, even in patients treated for osteoporosis.