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Related Concept Videos

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

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Drugs must traverse multiple biological barriers, such as multi-layered skin, single-layered intestinal epithelium, and the plasma membrane, to reach their target sites within the body. The plasma membrane, a highly structured composite of phospholipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, is the cell's protective boundary, facilitating selective substance exchange.
Phospholipids arrange themselves into a bilayer, with hydrophilic heads oriented outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward.
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Cellular Affinity of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion to Boost Antigen Internalization
10:06

Cellular Affinity of Particle-Stabilized Emulsion to Boost Antigen Internalization

Published on: September 2, 2022

The effect of particle design on cellular internalization pathways.

Stephanie E A Gratton1, Patricia A Ropp, Patrick D Pohlhaus

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Particle size, shape, and surface charge significantly impact cellular internalization. Nonspherical and rod-like particles, even up to 3 micrometers, are readily internalized by HeLa cells via endocytosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Cell Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Cellular uptake of particles is crucial for drug delivery and nanomedicine.
  • Particle characteristics like size, shape, and surface chemistry are known to influence cellular interactions.
  • The combined effects of these properties on cellular internalization and trafficking remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how particle size, shape, and surface charge affect cellular internalization and intracellular trafficking.
  • To explore the uptake mechanisms of specifically designed hydrogel particles by HeLa cells.
  • To determine if particle geometry influences internalization efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of monodisperse hydrogel micro- and nanoparticles with controlled size, shape, and surface chemistry using Particle Replication in Non-wetting Templates (PRINT) technology.
  • Internalization studies using HeLa cells.
  • Analysis of particle uptake using conventional biological techniques and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Main Results:

  • HeLa cells demonstrated efficient internalization of nonspherical hydrogel particles up to 3 micrometers in size.
  • Multiple endocytic pathways were involved in particle internalization.
  • Rod-like particles exhibited significantly higher internalization rates compared to other shapes.

Conclusions:

  • Particle size, shape, and surface properties are critical determinants of cellular internalization.
  • Nonspherical particles, particularly rod-like shapes, show enhanced cellular uptake, suggesting potential for targeted delivery applications.
  • The PRINT technique offers precise control over particle properties for studying cell-particle interactions.