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Developmental increase in top-down and bottom-up processing in a phonological task: an effective connectivity, fMRI

Tali Bitan1, Jimmy Cheon, Dong Lu

  • 1Department of Communication Disorders, Haifa University, Mount Carmel, Haifa, Israel. tbitan@research.haifa.ac.il

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|August 16, 2008
PubMed
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Brain connectivity in children shows developmental increases in top-down control during language tasks. This enhances processing of relevant information, especially when faced with conflicting word cues.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Language processing in children involves complex interactions between brain regions.
  • Understanding age-related changes in neural networks is crucial for cognitive development research.
  • Task difficulty, manipulated by orthographic-phonological conflict, reveals insights into selective attention and control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age-related changes in effective connectivity among specific brain regions during a rhyming judgment task in children.
  • To examine how conflicting orthographic and phonological information influences brain interactions.
  • To elucidate the developmental trajectory of top-down control in language processing.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity.

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  • Effective connectivity was analyzed among five left hemisphere regions: fusiform gyrus (FG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), lateral temporal cortex (LTC), and medial frontal gyrus (MeFG).
  • Participants performed rhyming judgments on visually presented words under conditions of varying orthographic-phonological conflict.

    • Main Results:

    • Age-related increases in the influence of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and fusiform gyrus (FG) on the lateral temporal cortex (LTC) were observed.
    • These increases in connectivity were specific to conditions involving conflict between phonological and orthographic information.
    • Results suggest a developmental enhancement in the convergence of bottom-up and top-down information processing in the LTC.

    Conclusions:

    • There is a developmental increase in top-down control processes supporting language processing in children.
    • Older children exhibit enhanced sensitivity in the LTC to relevant information, potentially driven by top-down control mechanisms.
    • The observed developmental changes in bottom-up processing may be a consequence of enhanced top-down regulatory functions.