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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Disseminated encephalomyelitis in adults.

Vesna V Brinar1, Charles M Poser

  • 1Department of Neurology, Reffered Center for Demyelinating Diseases of Central Nervous System, Ministry of Health, School of Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia. vesna.brinar@zg.t-com.hr

Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery
|August 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Disseminated encephalomyelitis (DEM) is an inflammatory brain disease often mistaken for multiple sclerosis (MS). Research suggests DEM is a distinct condition, potentially identifiable by new autoantibodies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Demyelinating Diseases

Background:

  • Disseminated encephalomyelitis (DEM) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease affecting both children and adults.
  • DEM is frequently misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis (MS) due to overlapping symptoms and imaging findings.
  • Similarities exist between DEM and neuromyelitis optica (NMO), another CNS demyelinating disease.

Observation:

  • Clinical presentations, disease courses, and prognoses differentiate DEM from MS.
  • Neuroimaging in DEM and NMO shows large demyelinating lesions in the brain and spinal cord.
  • DEM can present as monophasic, multiphasic, or recurrent, with potential triggers under investigation.

Findings:

  • DEM exhibits distinct characteristics from MS, supporting its classification as a separate disease entity.
  • The overlap with NMO suggests potential shared underlying mechanisms or diagnostic markers.
  • Identification of specific autoantibodies is crucial for accurate DEM diagnosis and understanding its variations.

Implications:

  • Classifying DEM as a distinct disease aids in accurate diagnosis and treatment strategies.
  • Further research into specific autoantibodies could revolutionize DEM diagnostics.
  • Understanding DEM's unique pathology may lead to targeted therapies, improving patient outcomes.