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Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: January 23, 2026

Subpectoral biceps tenodesis.

Matthew T Provencher¹, Lance E LeClere, Anthony A Romeo

¹Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, CA 92134-1112, USA. matthew.provencher@med.navy.mil

Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review

|August 16, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Subpectoral biceps tenodesis effectively treats shoulder pain caused by the long head of the biceps brachii (LHB) tendon. This mini-open surgical approach offers improved pain relief and avoids cosmetic deformity, making it a valuable option for LHB pathology.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

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Published on: January 23, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Sports Medicine
Shoulder Arthroscopy

Background:

The long head of the biceps brachii (LHB) tendon is a common source of shoulder pain.
Surgical management options for LHB pathology include tenotomy and tenodesis, with ongoing debate regarding optimal approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

To review clinical findings associated with LHB pathology.
To describe the operative technique of subpectoral biceps tenodesis.
To review current literature on treating symptomatic LHB tendon.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical findings in LHB pathology.
Description of the mini-open subpectoral biceps tenodesis technique.
Literature review of current treatment strategies for symptomatic LHB tendon.

Main Results:

The mini-open subpectoral approach is technically less demanding than arthroscopic methods.
This technique offers potential for improved pain relief.
It also avoids cosmetic deformity by removing the LHB and tenosynovium.

Conclusions:

Subpectoral biceps tenodesis is an effective treatment for symptomatic LHB tendon pathology.
The mini-open approach presents a viable surgical option with favorable outcomes.
Growing literature supports subpectoral biceps tenodesis as a standard of care.