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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Bacterial Phylum Chlamydiae01:29

Bacterial Phylum Chlamydiae

The phylum Chlamydiae or Chlamydiota is composed of a single order, Chlamydiales. This phylum consists entirely of obligate intracellular parasites that infect eukaryotic hosts. While human pathogens within this group have been studied extensively, the phylum encompasses many species capable of interacting with various eukaryotic organisms. Members of Chlamydiae are typically small cocci, approximately 0.5 μm in diameter, and exhibit a distinctive developmental cycle. As is characteristic of...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
Cholera01:25

Cholera

Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages
09:39

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

Published on: May 30, 2013

Inapparent infections and cholera dynamics.

Aaron A King1, Edward L Ionides, Mercedes Pascual

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA. kingaa@umich.edu

Nature
|August 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cholera's true asymptomatic infection rate is much higher than previously thought, with immunity waning rapidly. This finding, based on new statistical models, revises our understanding of cholera transmission and endemicity.

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Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages
09:39

Determination of Tolerable Fatty Acids and Cholera Toxin Concentrations Using Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells and BALB/c Mouse Macrophages

Published on: May 30, 2013

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates
07:58

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates

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Quantifying Vibrio cholerae Colonization and Diarrhea in the Adult Zebrafish Model
08:03

Quantifying Vibrio cholerae Colonization and Diarrhea in the Adult Zebrafish Model

Published on: July 12, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Disease Dynamics
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • Cholera transmission understanding is limited by unknown asymptomatic to symptomatic infection ratios.
  • Previous models relied on assumptions about inapparent infections and immunity duration.
  • Accurate epidemiological records are crucial for disease control and interpretation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the actual asymptomatic ratio in cholera infections.
  • To investigate the duration of immunity following mild or inapparent infections.
  • To model cholera transmission dynamics using human and environmental sources.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a dynamical model incorporating multiple infection sources (human, environmental).
  • Utilized advanced statistical methods for maximum likelihood inference.
  • Analyzed 50 years of mortality data from 26 districts in Bengal.

Main Results:

  • The asymptomatic ratio for cholera is significantly higher than previously estimated.
  • Immunity from mild infections wanes much more rapidly than earlier studies suggested.
  • Environmental reservoirs contribute minimally to direct infections but are key to endemicity.

Conclusions:

  • Inapparent infections are critical for understanding cholera outbreak patterns.
  • Rapidly waning immunity and a high asymptomatic rate reshape cholera epidemiology.
  • Mechanistic modeling of time-series data offers new insights into infectious disease ecology.