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Related Concept Videos

Types of Hormones01:21

Types of Hormones

Hormones are classified into four main groups: steroids, eicosanoids, amino acid-based derivatives, and peptide hormones.
Steroids and eicosanoids fall under the category of lipid-soluble hormones. Steroids are derived from cholesterol and feature four interconnected carbon rings with variable side chains. Notable examples include estradiol from ovaries and testosterone from testes, exemplifying the critical roles of these lipid-soluble hormones in reproductive physiology. Eicosanoids, derived...
Types of Hormones02:13

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Hormones can be classified into three main types based on their chemical structures: steroids, peptides, and amines. Their actions are mediated by the specific receptors they bind to on target cells.
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
Plant Hormones01:56

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.
Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System01:08

Chemical Signaling in the Endocrine System

A signaling cascade is a series of events that facilitates the transmission of information within or between cells, culminating in a targeted response in the recipient cell. As chemical messengers, hormones are pivotal in initiating and modulating these intricate signaling cascades based on their solubility.
Lipid-soluble hormones, such as steroid hormones, demonstrate an intracellular action. These hormones traverse cell membranes due to their lipid nature. Once inside the target cell, they...
Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
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A Tripeptide-Stabilized Nanoemulsion of Oleic Acid
10:42

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Published on: February 27, 2019

Peptides and hormesis.

Abba J Kastin1, Weihong Pan

  • 1Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA. peptides@pbrc.edu

Critical Reviews in Toxicology
|August 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hormesis, a concept describing an inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship, is increasingly recognized in peptide research. This biological phenomenon, characterized by Calabrese, is now gaining traction for drug discovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Biology
  • Peptide Research
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Hormesis, a concept developed by Calabrese, describes a biphasic dose-response relationship.
  • The inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship is a key characteristic in peptide research.
  • Early research in the 1970s faced skepticism regarding this concept in peptides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize progress in understanding hormesis in peptide research over the past three decades.
  • To highlight the growing recognition of hormesis in the actions of small proteins.
  • To advocate for the routine consideration of hormesis in research and pharmaceutical development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of articles by Calabrese summarizing progress in hormesis research.
  • Analysis of the historical development and acceptance of the hormesis concept in peptide research.
  • Discussion of the implications of hormesis for pharmaceutical agent discovery.

Main Results:

  • Hormesis is now recognized as characteristic of many actions of small proteins (peptides).
  • Significant progress has been made in understanding hormesis in peptide research over the last 30 years.
  • Calabrese's advocacy has increased the general readership's awareness of hormesis.

Conclusions:

  • Hormesis is becoming a widely accepted concept in peptide research.
  • The inverted U-shaped dose-response relationship is a crucial consideration for peptides.
  • Routine inclusion of hormesis in research design and drug discovery is recommended.