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Updated: Jul 2, 2026
Visualization of Intensity Levels to Reduce the Gap Between Self-Reported and Directly Measured Physical Activity
Published on: March 7, 2019
Optimising recruitment into a study of physical activity in older people: a randomised controlled trial of different
Tess J Harris1, Iain M Carey, Christina R Victor
1Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, Tooting, London, SW17ORE, UK. tharris@sgul.ac.uk
Background:
physical activity studies in older people often have poor recruitment. Including a questionnaire with the invitation would provide information about non-participants and selection bias, but could reduce recruitment. Telephone contact might encourage participation.
Objective:
to test the effects of different strategies for recruitment into a study of physical activity in older people.
Design:
factorial randomised controlled trial. Randomisation by household into four groups: telephone contact plus questionnaire, telephone contact only, questionnaire only, neither.
Setting:
primary care, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom.
Participants:
560 patients > or = 65 years randomly selected after exclusions.
Interventions:
questionnaire to assess health, functional ability and physical activity. Telephone contact by the research nurse a week after sending study information.
Main Outcome Measure:
recruitment into physical activity study.
Results:
telephone contact increased recruitment: contact 47.9% (134/280), no contact 37.9% (106/280), difference (adjusted for the clustering effect of household) 10.0% (95% CI 0.2-19.8). Questionnaire inclusion did not significantly reduce recruitment: no questionnaire 44.3% (124/280) questionnaire 41.4% (116/280) difference -2.9% (95% CI -12.7-7.0).
Conclusions:
telephone contact significantly increased recruitment and should be considered in studies where recruitment may be low. While inclusion of a questionnaire provided valuable information on non-participants and did not significantly reduce recruitment, an adverse recruitment effect could not be excluded.
