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Related Concept Videos

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures01:32

Assembly of Complex Microtubule Structures

Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
Microtubules in Cell Motility01:24

Microtubules in Cell Motility

Microtubules are thick hollow cylindrical proteins that help form the cytoskeleton. Microtubules have varied roles in the cell. These filaments help form cellular appendages like cilia and flagella, which are responsible for locomotion. The cilia arise from basal bodies, separated from the main body by a membrane-like structure forming the transition zone. This zone is the gate for the entry of lipids and proteins, creating a unique composition of lipids and proteins in the ciliary membrane and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

AC Electrokinetic Phenomena Generated by Microelectrode Structures
20:38

AC Electrokinetic Phenomena Generated by Microelectrode Structures

Published on: July 28, 2008

Microtubule alignment and manipulation using AC electrokinetics.

Maruti Uppalapati1, Ying-Ming Huang, Thomas N Jackson

  • 1Department of Bioengineering 229 Hallowell Bldg. Penn State University University Park, PA 16802, USA.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

AC electrokinetics manipulates microtubules for intracellular transport research. This method organizes microtubule bundles and measures their electrical properties, enabling new applications in biomotor-driven transport.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Microengineering

Background:

  • The kinesin-microtubule system is crucial for intracellular transport.
  • It serves as a model for biomotor-driven transport in microengineered systems.
  • Controlling microtubule organization is key for studying motor protein interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate AC electrokinetics as a tool for manipulating microtubules.
  • To enable new experimental geometries for studying microtubule-motor interactions.
  • To explore applications in kinesin-driven transport and mitotic spindle research.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of microelectrodes on glass substrates.
  • Application of AC electric fields to microtubule solutions in low-ionic-strength buffers.
  • Measurement of microtubule electrical properties and manipulation via electrokinetics.

Main Results:

  • Bundles of microtubules were collected and aligned using AC electric fields.
  • Electro-osmotic flow, electrothermal flow, and dielectrophoresis were controlled by varying solution conductivity, AC frequency, and electrode geometry.
  • The apparent conductivity of microtubules was measured as 250 mS m(-1).
  • Microtubules were assembled into opposed asters by optimizing dielectrophoretic forces.

Conclusions:

  • AC electrokinetics is a powerful tool for manipulating and organizing microtubules in solution.
  • This technique facilitates kinesin-driven transport applications.
  • It offers new avenues for investigating microtubule motor roles in cellular processes like spindle formation.