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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators02:13

Cooperative Binding of Transcription Regulators

Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form dimers that...
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

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Inherent Dynamics Visualizer, an Interactive Application for Evaluating and Visualizing Outputs from a Gene Regulatory Network Inference Pipeline
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Evolutionary dynamics of redundant regulatory control.

Steven A Frank1

  • 1Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA. safrank@uci.edu

Journal of Theoretical Biology
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Redundant regulatory systems balance performance gains against control costs. Fluctuating environments may favor increased redundancy, despite potential performance trade-offs in individual control structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Systems biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Complex biological processes rely on tracking set points, such as homeostasis and metabolic regulation.
  • Control often involves multiple, overlapping regulatory systems, leading to redundancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a theory for the evolutionary dynamics of redundant regulatory control architecture.
  • To analyze the balance between reduced tracking error and the costs of multiple control systems.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a mathematical model for evolutionary dynamics of redundant control.
  • Analyzed the interplay of multiplicative benefits (reduced tracking error) and additive costs (control system investment).

Main Results:

  • Identified a multi-peak performance landscape where redundancy levels create evolutionary stasis.
  • Showed that fluctuating environments may drive an increase in redundancy over time.
  • Demonstrated that higher redundancy can lead to decreased performance per control structure due to lower investment.

Conclusions:

  • Germline mutation is a weak evolutionary force compared to the cost-benefit balance of control systems.
  • The costs associated with control structures significantly influence the evolution of regulatory architecture.
  • Environmental fluctuations can alter the optimal level of redundancy in biological systems.