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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and HCO3−  values are examined to...
Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate01:29

Roles of Electrolytes: Chloride and Bicarbonate

Chloride ions contribute to the osmotic pressure gradient distinguishing the intracellular fluid (ICF) from the extracellular fluid (ECF). They counterbalance positively charged ions in the ECF and ensure its electrochemical stability. The renal system's process of chloride absorption and release generally mirrors that of sodium ions.
Conditions such as hypochloremia can arise from insufficient chloride reabsorption by the kidneys, often compounded by extended bouts of diarrhea, vomiting, or...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Real-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells
10:18

Real-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells

Published on: June 13, 2019

Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis.

F S Y Fan1, K M Chow, C C Szeto

  • 1Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, SAR, China.

Emergency Medicine Journal : EMJ
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cholestyramine can cause hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis, a serious adverse event. Awareness of this risk, especially in patients with kidney disease or on spironolactone, can speed up diagnosis.

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Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate
06:47

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Published on: December 12, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Real-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells
10:18

Real-Time, Semi-Automated Fluorescent Measurement of the Airway Surface Liquid pH of Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cells

Published on: June 13, 2019

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate
06:47

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Published on: December 12, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Medical toxicology
  • Pharmacology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Cholestyramine is a bile acid sequestrant used to treat hyperlipidemia and pruritus.
  • Drug-induced metabolic acidosis is a potential adverse effect of various medications.
  • Hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis is characterized by a low serum bicarbonate level and a normal anion gap.

Observation:

  • Cholestyramine administration is associated with an increased risk of developing hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis.
  • This adverse event may be more prevalent in patients with compromised renal function or those concurrently using spironolactone.
  • Delayed recognition of this condition can lead to prolonged morbidity.

Findings:

  • Physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for drug-induced hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis in patients taking cholestyramine.
  • Consideration of cholestyramine as a causative agent is crucial for timely diagnosis and appropriate management.
  • Pre-existing chronic kidney disease and concomitant spironolactone use are significant risk factors.

Implications:

  • Prompt identification and discontinuation of cholestyramine can prevent severe complications of metabolic acidosis.
  • This highlights the importance of comprehensive medication review and patient monitoring in clinical practice.
  • Enhanced physician awareness may reduce diagnostic delays and improve patient outcomes in cases of cholestyramine-induced acidosis.