Endurance training increases metabolic rate and norepinephrine appearance rate in older individuals

We examined the effects of an 8-wk endurance training program (cycling exercise) on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and norepinephrine (NE) kinetics in 19 older persons (64 +/- 1.6 yr). Before and after training, RMR, NE kinetics, maximal O2 consumption (VO2max), body composition, supine blood pressure, estimated energy intake, and fasting levels of glucose, insulin, and thyroid hormones were measured. RMR increased 10% after training. Resting concentrations of NE increased 24% after training due to a 21% increase in NE appearance rate and no change in NE clearance. Training increased VO2max (14%; P less than 0.01) and energy intake (12%; P less than 0.01), whereas no change was noted in body composition. Supine blood pressure and plasma glucose were lower after training, whereas no change was noted in fasting levels of plasma insulin. The increase in RMR was associated with a higher rate of NE appearance (r = 0.57; P = 0.05) and with increase in energy intake (r = 0.56; P = 0.05). Together these two factors accounted for 49% (r2) of the variation of the change in RMR. Changes in blood pressure were not associated with changes in NE kinetics. We conclude that endurance training increases total energy expenditure in older individuals by the direct energy cost of physical activity and by elevating RMR. This increase is partially mediated by an increased NE appearance rate and increased food intake in healthy older individuals.