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Related Concept Videos

Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.The structures that arise from convergent evolution are called analogous structures. They are similar in function even if they are dissimilar in structure. Further, structures can be analogous while also...
Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops resemble the...
Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral chromosome underwent...
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform
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Marsupial and monotreme genomes.

E Koina1, J Fong, J A Marshall Graves

  • 1Comparative Genomics Group and ARC Centre for Kangaroo Genomics, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.

Genome Dynamics
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Marsupials and monotremes, early diverging mammals, offer unique insights into mammalian evolution. Studying their genomes reveals surprising gene arrangements and sex chromosome evolution, crucial for understanding all mammals.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics
  • Comparative Mammalian Biology

Background:

  • Marsupials and monotremes represent distinct evolutionary lineages diverging from placental mammals 180 and 210 million years ago, respectively.
  • These 'alternative mammals' fill a critical phylogenetic gap between reptile and placental mammal divergence.
  • They exhibit unique reproductive strategies and chromosomal structures compared to placental mammals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary significance of marsupial and monotreme genomes.
  • To re-evaluate gene function and regulation across all mammals using insights from these alternative lineages.
  • To explore the evolution of mammalian sex chromosomes through comparative genomic studies.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative genomic analysis of marsupial and monotreme DNA sequences.
  • Examination of gene arrangement and chromosomal structures.
  • Bioinformatic identification of novel genes and regulatory regions.

Main Results:

  • Gene arrangement studies in marsupials and monotremes have yielded unexpected findings, challenging existing paradigms.
  • Distinct chromosomal characteristics, including conserved large chromosomes in marsupials and a unique sex chromosome chain in monotremes, have been identified.
  • Sequence comparisons are proving valuable for discovering new genes and regulatory elements.

Conclusions:

  • Comparative genomic studies of marsupials and monotremes are essential for a comprehensive understanding of mammalian genome evolution.
  • These studies provide novel insights into gene function, regulation, and the evolution of sex chromosomes in all mammals, including humans.
  • The imminent sequencing of key marsupial and monotreme genomes will significantly advance our knowledge in these areas.