Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Long-term hearing outcomes and prognostic factors in Meniere's disease.

Acta oto-laryngologica·2026
Same author

Enlarged vestibular aqueduct concomitant with endolymphatic hydrops.

Acta oto-laryngologica·2026
Same author

Inner Ear Test Battery Aligned with Hydrops Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Differentiate Acute-Onset Sensorineural Hearing Loss.

Audiology & neuro-otology·2026
Same author

An integration of physiological, morphological and biochemical assessments in studying guinea pig models of ototoxicity and otoprotection-a systematic review.

Current research in toxicology·2026
Same author

Thyroid Nodule Detection and Classification on Small Datasets: An Ensemble Deep Learning Approach with Attention Mechanism and Focal Loss.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Clinical Application of Galvanic Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials in Audiovestibular Disorders-A Systemic Review.

Journal of otolaryngology - head & neck surgery = Le Journal d'oto-rhino-laryngologie et de chirurgie cervico-faciale·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
07:53

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Published on: September 13, 2015

Optimal stimulation mode for galvanic-evoked myogenic potentials.

Po-Wen Cheng1, Chiao-Sen Yang, Tsung-Wei Huang

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.

Ear and Hearing
|August 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing galvanic stimulation (g-VEMP) parameters is key for clinical use. A 5 mA intensity and 1 ms duration provide high response rates and amplitudes, making it a preferable method for evoking g-VEMPs.

More Related Videos

The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System (EPOCS): A Research Tool and an Emerging Therapy for Chronic Neuromuscular Disorders
10:08

The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System (EPOCS): A Research Tool and an Emerging Therapy for Chronic Neuromuscular Disorders

Published on: August 25, 2022

Assessing Primary Motor Cortex Excitability and Excitability Modulation by Pairing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Electromyography
12:13

Assessing Primary Motor Cortex Excitability and Excitability Modulation by Pairing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Electromyography

Published on: October 7, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
07:53

Assessment of Neuromuscular Function Using Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Published on: September 13, 2015

The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System (EPOCS): A Research Tool and an Emerging Therapy for Chronic Neuromuscular Disorders
10:08

The Evoked Potential Operant Conditioning System (EPOCS): A Research Tool and an Emerging Therapy for Chronic Neuromuscular Disorders

Published on: August 25, 2022

Assessing Primary Motor Cortex Excitability and Excitability Modulation by Pairing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Electromyography
12:13

Assessing Primary Motor Cortex Excitability and Excitability Modulation by Pairing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Electromyography

Published on: October 7, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) are crucial for assessing vestibular function.
  • Galvanic stimulation (g-VEMP) offers a promising alternative to click-evoked VEMPs.
  • Optimal parameters for g-VEMP remain under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the optimal intensity and duration of galvanic stimulation for eliciting reliable VEMP responses.
  • To compare the efficacy of different galvanic stimulation parameters with click-evoked VEMPs.

Main Methods:

  • Fourteen male volunteers participated in VEMP testing.
  • Stimuli included clicks and galvanic stimulation with varying intensities (1-6 mA) and durations (0.1-1.0 ms).
  • Response rate, peak latencies (p13, n23), p13-n23 interval, and amplitude were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Galvanic stimulation at 5 mA with 1.0 ms duration yielded the highest response rates (89-100%) and largest amplitudes.
  • Stimulus parameters of 3 mA/1.0 ms, 5 mA/0.5 ms, and 5 mA/1.0 ms showed high response rates.
  • The 5 mA/1.0 ms g-VEMP exhibited shorter latencies compared to click-evoked VEMPs, with similar amplitude and interval.

Conclusions:

  • Galvanic stimulation at 5 mA intensity and 1 ms duration is effective for evoking g-VEMPs.
  • This parameter set achieves high response rates and amplitudes within subject tolerance.
  • 5 mA/1.0 ms galvanic stimulation is a potentially superior method for g-VEMP elicitation.