Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Anal

Psychosexual Stages of Personality: Anal

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development describes the anal stage as occurring between 18 months and three years of age. During this period, children derive pleasure from controlling and releasing their bowel movements. However, they quickly learn that societal expectations impose restrictions on when and where this can happen. This stage marks a critical point where children begin to develop a sense of control and mastery over their bodily functions, as well as their broader...

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Assessment of the Rectum and Anus

Evaluating the rectum and anus plays a crucial role in conducting a thorough physical examination of the gastrointestinal system. Although it may be uncomfortable and often embarrassing for the patient, it holds immense diagnostic value, particularly in detecting gastrointestinal diseases and abnormalities. This guide will explain how to perform this assessment using inspection and palpation methods.
Rectal Inspection
Begin by inspecting the perianal and anal areas for color, texture, rashes,...

Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment

Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment

Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
Hand wash basins in clinical areas should have faucets that can be turned on and off without using the hands; that is, they should be non-touch or lever-operated.

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...

The Micturition Reflex

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Weak electron-phonon coupling is insufficient to generate significant CISS in two-terminal transport.

The Journal of chemical physics·2026

Same author

Etiology of Severe Pneumonia in Intubated Children: A Case-Control Study in Children 1-24 Months of Age in a Tertiary Hospital in South India.

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene·2025

Same author

Enkephalinergic Neurons in Barrington's Nucleus Gate Sex-Specific Control of Micturition.

Research square·2025

Same author

Quantum Thermometry for Ultra-Low Temperatures Using Probe and Ancilla Qubit Chains.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2025

Same author

Predictive value of clinico-radiological variables in the management of suspected foreign body aspiration in children: A ten-year retrospective cohort study.

Journal of family medicine and primary care·2024

Same author

Heterogeneity and Hierarchy of Immune Response to Primary Immunization in HIV-Infected Children on HAART and the Impact of an Additional Dose of Vaccine.

Indian journal of pediatrics·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children

Published on: August 22, 2012

Primary school children: access to toilets.

Vipul Upadhyay¹, John Mathai, Peter W Reed

¹University of Auckland, Starship Children's Hospital, Grafton, Auckland 1001, New Zealand. vipulu@adhb.govt.nz

Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)

|September 4, 2008

Summary

Primary school children in Auckland generally have adequate access to toilets, supporting healthy urination habits. Schools are encouraged to implement and follow toilet policies for consistent facilities.

More Related Videos

Four Temporary Waterslide Designs Adapted to Different Slope Conditions to Encourage Child Socialization in Playgrounds

Four Temporary Waterslide Designs Adapted to Different Slope Conditions to Encourage Child Socialization in Playgrounds

Published on: December 9, 2022

A Tablet-Based Curriculum-Based Measurement Protocol for Kindergarten Writing

A Tablet-Based Curriculum-Based Measurement Protocol for Kindergarten Writing

Published on: February 7, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children

Determining Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection Status and Physical Fitness of School-aged Children

Published on: August 22, 2012

Four Temporary Waterslide Designs Adapted to Different Slope Conditions to Encourage Child Socialization in Playgrounds

Four Temporary Waterslide Designs Adapted to Different Slope Conditions to Encourage Child Socialization in Playgrounds

Published on: December 9, 2022

A Tablet-Based Curriculum-Based Measurement Protocol for Kindergarten Writing

A Tablet-Based Curriculum-Based Measurement Protocol for Kindergarten Writing

Published on: February 7, 2025

Area of Science:

Pediatric Urology
Environmental Health in Schools

Background:

Urinary continence is expected by primary school age.
Dysfunctional voiding (DV) requires timed voiding, necessitating easy access to school toilets.
This study assesses toilet accessibility for Auckland primary school children.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate children's access to primary school toilets in Auckland.
To evaluate if school toilet facilities support the needs of children, particularly those with dysfunctional voiding.

Main Methods:

A questionnaire was distributed to 97 Auckland primary schools.
Data collected included school decile, population, toilet facilities, and policies.
Six schools were randomly selected for on-site verification of facilities.

Main Results:

84% of surveyed schools met statutory minimum toilet requirements for boys and girls.
The median ratio was 11 children per toilet facility.
The median time to use a toilet during the first recess was 2 minutes.

Conclusions:

Primary school toilet facilities and usage ratios in Auckland appear adequate for healthy urination.
Developing and adhering to school toilet policies is recommended for a uniform environment.