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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
26:48

Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: July 4, 2007

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.

James J Sejvar1

  • 1Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, National Center for Zoonotic, Vectorborne, and Enteric Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop A-39, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. zea3@cdc.gov

Current Infectious Disease Reports
|September 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an autoimmune demyelinating syndrome often triggered by infection or vaccination. While challenging to distinguish from multiple sclerosis, ADEM typically resolves favorably with immunomodulatory treatments.

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Induction and Clinical Scoring of Chronic-Relapsing Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Scoring Central Nervous System Inflammation, Demyelination, and Axon Injury in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
08:17

Scoring Central Nervous System Inflammation, Demyelination, and Axon Injury in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: February 23, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology
  • Demyelinating Diseases

Background:

  • Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a central nervous system demyelinating syndrome.
  • It is characterized as an autoimmune response to prior infections or vaccinations.
  • Clinical presentation includes encephalopathy and focal neurological deficits, with MRI showing diffuse demyelination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical and radiological features of ADEM.
  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges in differentiating ADEM from multiple sclerosis.
  • To discuss current empirical treatment strategies and prognosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations and neuroimaging findings in ADEM.
  • Comparison of ADEM characteristics with first-episode multiple sclerosis.
  • Analysis of commonly used empirical treatments and patient outcomes.

Main Results:

  • ADEM presents with encephalopathy and focal neurological signs, alongside diffuse multifocal brain demyelination on MRI.
  • Distinguishing ADEM from multiple sclerosis is clinically significant for prognosis and treatment.
  • Empirical treatments like corticosteroids and IVIG are commonly employed.

Conclusions:

  • ADEM is an autoimmune demyelinating condition with a generally favorable prognosis.
  • Early differentiation from other demyelinating diseases is crucial.
  • While treatment efficacy is not established by trials, immunomodulatory therapies are standard.