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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...

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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus
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Published on: December 2, 2012

Nipah virus encephalitis.

Chong-Tin Tan1, Kaw-Bing Chua

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. editor@neurology-asia.org

Current Infectious Disease Reports
|September 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nipah virus, a bat-borne illness, caused severe encephalitis outbreaks in Malaysia and South Asia. High mortality rates and direct neuronal damage highlight the urgent need for understanding this emerging infectious disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Nipah virus (NiV) emerged in 1999 causing encephalitis in Malaysian pig farm workers.
  • Transmission is linked to Pteropus bats, potentially via pigs, with high initial mortality (40%).
  • NiV causes disseminated microinfarction, vasculitis, and direct neuronal damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the initial discovery and characteristics of Nipah virus encephalitis.
  • To report on subsequent outbreaks in Bangladesh and India.
  • To describe the epidemiological and clinical features of Nipah virus infections.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical case reporting and epidemiological investigation of outbreaks.
  • Necropsy findings in fatal cases.
  • Identification of Pteropus bats as the reservoir.

Main Results:

  • The 1999 Malaysian outbreak had a 40% mortality rate.
  • Recurrent outbreaks occurred in Bangladesh and India (Jan-May).
  • Bangladesh outbreaks showed higher mortality (70%) with direct bat-to-human and human-to-human transmission.

Conclusions:

  • Nipah virus poses a significant public health threat with high mortality.
  • Understanding transmission dynamics, including bat-human and human-human spread, is crucial.
  • Further research is needed to develop effective interventions against Nipah virus.