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Design Example

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The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

Published on: October 5, 2020

Assessing design features of virtual keyboards for text entry.

Marita A O'Brien¹, Wendy A Rogers, Arthur D Fisk

¹School of Psychology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0170, USA. marita.obrien@gatech.edu

|September 5, 2008

Summary

Virtual keyboard design is crucial for efficient text entry. Shape-controller compatibility and alphabetic arrangements benefit all users, especially older adults, improving performance and strategy.

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An Assessment Method and Toolkit to Evaluate Keyboard Design on Smartphones

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Area of Science:

Human-Computer Interaction
Usability Engineering
Ergonomics

Background:

Limited research exists on virtual keyboard design factors like usage frequency, age, display shape, and letter arrangement.
These factors significantly impact the movement and visual search components of text entry tasks.
This study addresses these gaps to optimize virtual keyboard usability.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of virtual keyboard design, specifically shape and arrangement, on text entry performance.
To examine how age and system experience influence the effectiveness of different virtual keyboard designs.
To provide design recommendations for virtual keyboards catering to diverse user groups and usage contexts.

Main Methods:

Three experiments were conducted involving younger (18-28 years) and older (60-75 years) adults.
Experiment 1 & 2: Assessed movement and visual search using four keyboard shapes and three arrangements.
Experiment 3: Evaluated combined effects of the two best shapes on text entry performance with 64 participants.

Main Results:

Movement time was minimized with keyboard shapes exhibiting higher shape-controller compatibility.
The alphabetic arrangement led to the best performance in visual search tasks regarding time and accuracy.
Keyboard shape did not significantly affect performance with practice, but salient features aided older adults' text entry strategies.

Conclusions:

Virtual keyboard shape is a critical factor for efficient text entry performance across age groups.
Shape-controller compatibility and salient features enhance performance, particularly for older adults.
The alphabetic arrangement generally provides the best results for text entry tasks.