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Related Concept Videos

Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
Participant modeling involves therapists demonstrating calm and effective behaviors in situations...
Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II01:18

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II

The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
The agent-host-environment model states that disease results from...
Classification of Illness01:17

Classification of Illness

The meaning of illness is individualized to each person who experiences an alteration in health. In contrast, disease is a medical term indicating a pathological change in the structure and function of the body or mind. It is a condition that has specific symptoms and boundaries.
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe and...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I01:25

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I

A model is a theoretical way to understand a concept or an idea. Models can overcome barriers to health regardless of diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. In addition, models make the task easier by providing different ways to approach complex issues. There are two major health promotion models: the health belief model and the health promotion model.
The health belief model (HBM) attempts to predict health-related behavior in specific belief patterns. According to the HBM, a person's...

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Published on: March 17, 2023

Modeling the nonthyroidal illness syndrome.

Ronald J Koenig1

  • 1Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5678, USA. rkoenig@umich.edu

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|September 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The nonthyroidal illness syndrome severity predicts mortality. While its mechanisms are increasingly understood, the potential benefits of therapy for this condition remain uncertain.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • The nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS), also known as euthyroid sick syndrome, is a condition characterized by abnormal thyroid hormone levels in patients with non-thyroidal diseases.
  • It is frequently observed in critically ill patients and its severity correlates with prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the pathogenesis and clinical significance of the nonthyroidal illness syndrome.
  • To discuss the potential implications for patient management and future research.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes recent findings on the molecular mechanisms and clinical relevance of NTIS.
  • It draws upon animal studies and clinical observations to elucidate the pathophysiology.

Main Results:

  • The severity of NTIS is a predictor of mortality.
  • Key pathophysiological mechanisms include altered thyroid hormone metabolism, with changes in deiodinase enzyme activity (e.g., increased type 3, decreased type 1) contributing to low triiodothyronine (T3) levels.
  • Hypothalamic type 2 deiodinase induction may blunt the thyroid-stimulating hormone response, and cytokine release secondary to endotoxin exposure may contribute to low thyroxine (T4) levels.

Conclusions:

  • NTIS is crucial for interpreting thyroid function tests in acutely and chronically ill patients.
  • While significant progress has been made in understanding the underlying mechanisms of NTIS, the therapeutic role of interventions remains to be determined.