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Mass Analyzers: Common Types

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The quadrupole mass analyzer consists of four cylindrical metal rods arranged in a diamond carrying a DC voltage and a radio-frequency AC voltage. The motion of ions through the quadrupole depends on the field strength, causing only ions of a certain m/z to resonate successfully and strike the detector at a given field strength. Though the transmission rate for these analyzers is high, the exact elemental composition of the sample is not determined because of low resolution; however, they are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F⁻

Published on: July 27, 2018

Multiphoton imaging.

¹MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Current Protocols in Cytometry

|September 5, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This guide offers biologists practical insights into advanced multiphoton imaging for cytology. It compares its effectiveness against confocal microscopy and details laboratory setup for optimal use.

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Last Updated: Jul 2, 2026

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Published on: September 30, 2021

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Microscopy Techniques

Background:

Multiphoton microscopy offers advanced optical sectioning capabilities.
Confocal microscopy is a widely used technique in cell biology.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide biologists with practical details on state-of-the-art multiphoton imaging in cytology.
To critically discuss and compare the usefulness of multiphoton imaging with confocal microscopy.
To include details of laboratory setup for multiphoton imaging.

Main Methods:

Review and synthesis of current multiphoton imaging technologies.
Comparative analysis of multiphoton and confocal microscopy performance.
Description of essential laboratory equipment and configuration for multiphoton setups.

Main Results:

Multiphoton imaging provides significant advantages in deep tissue penetration and reduced phototoxicity compared to confocal microscopy.
Specific applications in cytology demonstrate the utility of multiphoton techniques.
Guidelines for laboratory setup are provided to facilitate implementation.

Conclusions:

Multiphoton imaging is a powerful, state-of-the-art technique for advanced cytology.
It offers distinct benefits over confocal microscopy for specific biological applications.
Practical implementation is feasible with attention to laboratory setup details.