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Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

Telomeres and Telomerase

Telomeres and Telomerase

In eukaryotic DNA replication, a single-stranded DNA fragment remains at the end of a chromosome after the removal of the final primer. This section of DNA cannot be replicated in the same manner as the rest of the strand because there is no 3’ end to which the newly synthesized DNA can attach. This non-replicated fragment results in gradual loss of the chromosomal DNA during each cell duplication. Additionally, it can induce a DNA damage response by enzymes that recognize single-stranded DNA.

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA) involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three...

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...

RNA Structure

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Replication in Eukaryotes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

A G-quadruplex DNA-affinity Approach for Purification of Enzymatically Active G4 Resolvase1

A G-quadruplex DNA-affinity Approach for Purification of Enzymatically Active G4 Resolvase1

Published on: March 18, 2017

Human telomeric RNA in G-quadruplex structure.

Yan Xu¹, Kuniyuki Kaminaga, Makoto Komiyama

¹Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan. xuyan@mkomi.rcast.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Nucleic Acids Symposium Series (2004)

|September 9, 2008

Summary

Mammalian cells transcribe telomere DNA into telomeric repeat-containing RNA. This study found human telomeric RNA forms a parallel G-quadruplex structure, offering insights into its role in chromosome end protection.

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Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

A G-quadruplex DNA-affinity Approach for Purification of Enzymatically Active G4 Resolvase1

A G-quadruplex DNA-affinity Approach for Purification of Enzymatically Active G4 Resolvase1

Published on: March 18, 2017

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Single-Molecule Fluorescence Visualization of DNA Polymerase Dynamics at G-Quadruplexes

Published on: April 4, 2025

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

Telomere DNA is transcribed into telomeric repeat-containing RNA in mammalian cells.
Telomeric RNA is a newly identified component in telomere biology.
The structure and function of telomeric RNA at chromosome ends remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the structural properties of human telomeric RNA.
To elucidate the potential role of telomeric RNA in chromosome end regulation and protection.

Main Methods:

In vitro analysis of human telomeric RNA sequences.
Investigation of structural formation in the presence of potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ions.

Main Results:

Human telomeric RNA sequences can form a parallel G-quadruplex structure.
This structure formation is dependent on the presence of K+ or Na+ ions.

Conclusions:

Human telomeric RNA possesses the ability to form a G-quadruplex structure.
This structural characteristic provides valuable insights into the function of telomeric RNA in maintaining chromosome end integrity.