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Related Concept Videos

Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-patch Base Excision Repair01:02

Long-patch Base Excision Repair

Since the discovery of the two BER pathways, there has been a debate about how a cell chooses one pathway over the other and the factors determining this selection. Numerous in vitro experiments have pointed out multiple determinants for the sub-pathway selection. These are:
Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

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GLD2 poly(A) polymerase is required for long-term memory.

Jae Eun Kwak1, Eric Drier, Scott A Barbee

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Long-term memory formation requires controlling mRNA translation. Researchers found the enzyme GLD2 is essential for this process in fruit flies, highlighting cytoplasmic polyadenylation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Long-term memory formation is linked to translational control of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in neurons.
  • Dendritic mRNAs in mammals are typically repressed and activated by stimulation, suggesting conserved mechanisms across species.
  • Proteins regulating translation during development may also play roles in memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the enzyme responsible for poly(A) tail elongation in the brain.
  • To determine if this enzyme's activity is critical for long-term memory formation.
  • To investigate the role of cytoplasmic polyadenylation in memory.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism.
  • Identified the specific enzyme catalyzing poly(A) elongation in the fly brain.
  • Assessed the necessity of this enzyme's activity for long-term memory.

Main Results:

  • Identified GLD2 as the enzyme responsible for poly(A) elongation in the Drosophila brain.
  • Demonstrated that GLD2 activity is specifically required for long-term memory.
  • Provided evidence linking cytoplasmic polyadenylation to memory formation.

Conclusions:

  • Cytoplasmic polyadenylation is a critical mechanism for long-term memory formation.
  • The enzyme GLD2 plays a crucial role in this process.
  • Findings suggest conserved molecular pathways for memory across different species.