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Related Concept Videos

Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
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Published on: May 1, 2018

Developing a Reliable Testing Protocol for the Hydra-Fitness Upper Body OmniTron.

J A Russel, L Strong, J D Meins

    The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy
    |January 1, 1992
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study found that a two-test session protocol with three repetitions each, including a warm-up, is highly reliable for upper body strength testing. This method helps counteract learning effects in new subjects, ensuring accurate musculoskeletal assessment data.

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    Published on: February 20, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Sports Medicine
    • Biomechanics
    • Exercise Physiology

    Background:

    • Reliability of musculoskeletal testing equipment is crucial for valid assessment data.
    • The Hydra-Fitness OmniTron is a device used for upper body strength assessments.
    • Establishing optimal testing protocols enhances the utility of strength testing equipment.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the reliability of a specific upper body OmniTron testing protocol.
    • To estimate the reliability of several alternative protocols.
    • To identify the optimal protocol for reliable upper body strength testing.

    Main Methods:

    • Thirty-two healthy subjects (22 men, 10 women) underwent testing on the OmniTron chest press and upper back pull exercises.
    • Subjects performed two test sessions of four repetitions each, with a 5-minute rest; the first repetition was discarded as a warm-up.
    • Peak force, work, and power were measured, and reliability was assessed using repeated measures ANOVA and generalizability analysis.

    Main Results:

    • Mean peak force was significantly higher in the second test session, suggesting a learning effect.
    • Peak force, work, and power were highly correlated (r ≥ .90).
    • Reliability coefficients for peak force were .993 for chest press and .985 for upper back pull. Generalizability analysis indicated a minimum of two tests with three repetitions each for optimal reliability.

    Conclusions:

    • A two-test session protocol with three repetitions (four total, including warm-up) and a 5-minute rest demonstrates high reliability for upper body strength testing.
    • This protocol is recommended for first-time subjects to mitigate learning effects.
    • Clinicians can select from various reliable protocols identified in this investigation for musculoskeletal assessments.