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Sympathetic Activation01:16

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The sympathetic division can influence tissues and organs by releasing norepinephrine at peripheral synapses and distributing epinephrine and norepinephrine through the bloodstream. In times of crisis or stress, sympathetic activation occurs, which is regulated by sympathetic centers in the hypothalamus. As a result, sympathetic activation prepares the body for physical exertion, rapid ATP production, and heightened alertness, allowing individuals to respond effectively to challenging or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Field-Based Thermal Physiology Assay: Cold Shock Recovery under Ambient Conditions
07:54

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Published on: March 9, 2021

Autonomic nervous function during whole-body cold exposure before and after cold acclimation.

Tiina M Mäkinen1, Matti Mäntysaari, Tiina Pääkkönen

  • 1Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. tiina.makinen@oulu.fi

Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
|September 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Cold habituation reduces sympathetic nervous system activity and enhances parasympathetic activity during cold exposure. This study shows that acclimation to cold improves cardiovascular autonomic function and stress responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Autonomic Nervous System Function
  • Environmental Physiology

Background:

  • Cold habituation influences sympatho-vagal balance, impacting cold stress responses.
  • Understanding cardiovascular autonomic function during cold exposure is crucial for managing physiological stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in cardiovascular autonomic function at the sinus node level.
  • To examine responses during controlled breathing and isometric exercise.
  • To assess effects before and after cold acclimation.

Main Methods:

  • 10 male subjects underwent controlled (25°C) and cold (10°C) exposures for 10 days.
  • Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed using time and frequency domains.
  • Cardiovascular and catecholamine responses were measured during isometric handgrip tests.

Main Results:

  • Acute cold exposure increased HRV parameters, including total, low, and high frequency power.
  • Cold acclimation led to higher mean skin temperature and reduced norepinephrine response.
  • Post-acclimation, cold exposure showed a blunted heart rate and blood pressure increase during exercise.

Conclusions:

  • Cold exposure initially increases sympathetic activity, which is attenuated by cold acclimation.
  • Parasympathetic activity, initially slightly increased by cold, is further enhanced after acclimation.
  • Cold habituation shifts autonomic balance towards increased parasympathetic activity and reduced sympathetic activation.