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Related Concept Videos

Blood Flow01:29

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.
Laminar and Turbulent Flow01:07

Laminar and Turbulent Flow

Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the streamlines...
Equation of Continuity01:12

Equation of Continuity

Fluid motion is represented by either velocity vectors or streamlines. The volume of a fluid flowing past a given location through an area during a period of time is called the flow rate Q, or more precisely, the volume flow rate. Flow rate and velocity are related—for instance, a river has a greater flow rate if the velocity of the water in it is greater. However, the flow rate also depends on the size and shape of the river. The relationship between flow rate (Q) and average speed (v)...
Autoregulation of Blood Flow01:17

Autoregulation of Blood Flow

Autoregulation mechanisms are characterized by their inherent capacity for self-regulation without necessitating specific nervous stimulation or endocrine control. These mechanisms facilitate the adjustment of blood flow and, therefore, perfusion specific to each tissue region. This self-regulation encompasses chemical signals and myogenic controls.
Chemical Signaling in Autoregulation
Chemical signaling operates at the precapillary sphincter level, inciting either contraction or relaxation.
Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream01:27

Steady Flow of a Fluid Stream

Consider a control volume, such as a pipe with solid boundaries, through which fluid flows and changes direction due to the impulse exerted by the resulting force from the pipe walls. In steady flow, the mass of fluid entering the control volume at a given time, t, with velocity v1, is equal to the mass leaving after infinitesimal time dt, with velocity v2.
During this process, the momentum of the fluid within the control volume remains constant over the time interval dt. By applying the...
Applications of Integration to Find Blood Flow01:27

Applications of Integration to Find Blood Flow

Blood flow through a cylindrical blood vessel can be mathematically described using the principles of laminar flow, a regime in which fluid moves smoothly in parallel layers. In this model, the velocity of the blood is not uniform across the cross-section of the vessel; rather, it varies with the radial distance from the center. The maximum velocity occurs along the central axis, decreasing progressively toward the vessel walls, where it reaches zero due to viscous drag.Approximating Blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Microperfusion Technique to Investigate Regulation of Microvessel Permeability in Rat Mesentery
12:48

Microperfusion Technique to Investigate Regulation of Microvessel Permeability in Rat Mesentery

Published on: September 12, 2015

Fluid flow in distensible vessels.

C D Bertram1

  • 1Biofluid Mechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. c.bertram@unsw.edu.au

Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology & Physiology
|September 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers fluid dynamics in distended and deflated vascular conduits. It highlights how wave propagation, pressure gradients, and computational fluid dynamics model blood flow and transport in complex biological systems.

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The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Microperfusion Technique to Investigate Regulation of Microvessel Permeability in Rat Mesentery
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Published on: September 12, 2015

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The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow
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The Diffusion of Passive Tracers in Laminar Shear Flow

Published on: May 1, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Vascular conduits exhibit complex fluid dynamics influenced by vessel distension and pulsatile flow.
  • Pressure gradients are the primary drivers of flow, with wave propagation and reflection critical in distended vessels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current understanding of fluid flow in both distended and deflated vascular conduits.
  • To explore the role of computational methods in modeling complex biological flows and their interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on fluid dynamics in vascular systems.
  • Discussion of analytical and numerical modeling techniques, including fluid-structure interaction and solute transport.
  • Analysis of phenomena in deflated vessels, such as flow rate limitation and two-phase flows.

Main Results:

  • Pulsatile flow in distended vessels is dominated by wave propagation and reflection, providing insights into vascular pathologies.
  • Computational fluid dynamics are essential for modeling flow in complex biological geometries, including fluid-structure interactions.
  • Deflated vessels exhibit unique behaviors like flow rate limitation and flow-induced oscillations, with diagnostic importance in respiratory and other investigations.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding fluid dynamics in vascular conduits is crucial for diagnosing and treating various physiological and pathological conditions.
  • Advanced computational methods are vital for accurately predicting flow behavior and sensor environments in complex biological systems.
  • Phenomena like flow rate limitation and two-phase flows in deflated vessels have significant clinical implications, including in respiratory investigations and sleep apnea.