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Related Concept Videos

Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

Anaphase Promoting Complex

The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
Anaphase Promoting Complex00:50

Anaphase Promoting Complex

The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...
Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
Inhibition of Cdk Activity02:34

Inhibition of Cdk Activity

The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
Inhibition of CDK Activity02:34

Inhibition of CDK Activity

The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
Negative Regulator Molecules01:23

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols
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Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Published on: June 6, 2017

Atypical E2F activity restrains APC/CCCS52A2 function obligatory for endocycle onset.

Tim Lammens1, Véronique Boudolf, Leila Kheibarshekan

  • 1Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and Department of Molecular Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The atypical E2F transcription factor E2Fe/DEL1 controls endocycle onset by regulating CCS52A2 gene expression in Arabidopsis. This finding reveals conserved mechanisms for cell cycle control during development.

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Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

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Published on: June 6, 2017

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Analysis of Cell Cycle Position in Mammalian Cells
12:19

Analysis of Cell Cycle Position in Mammalian Cells

Published on: January 21, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Cell cycle regulation
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • The endocycle is an alternative cell cycle involving DNA replication without cell division, crucial for polyploidy in development.
  • APC/C (anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome) activators like CDH1, FZR, and CCS52 are known to promote endocycle onset.
  • Genetic pathways controlling development-dependent APC/C activity remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the genetic control of endocycle onset in Arabidopsis thaliana.
  • To identify the role of atypical E2F transcription factors in regulating APC/C activator genes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of E2Fe/DEL1 function in Arabidopsis.
  • Gene expression analysis of CCS52A2.
  • Dynamic simulation of cell cycle regulation.
  • Comparative analysis with mammalian E2F7.

Main Results:

  • The atypical E2F transcription factor E2Fe/DEL1 was identified as a regulator of CCS52A2 gene expression in Arabidopsis.
  • Misregulation of E2Fe/DEL1 led to altered timing of CCS52A2 transcription and endocycle onset.
  • Ectopic CCS52A2 expression induced premature entry into the endocycle.
  • Atypical mammalian E2F7 showed association with the CDH1 promoter, suggesting conserved regulation.

Conclusions:

  • E2Fe/DEL1 plays a critical role in the development-dependent, cell cycle-regulated onset of the endocycle by controlling CCS52A2 expression.
  • Transcriptional control of APC/C activator genes by atypical E2Fs appears to be an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in eukaryotes.