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Related Concept Videos

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems01:18

Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems

Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of β-Receptor Blockers01:27

Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of β-Receptor Blockers

β-receptor blockers significantly impact the cardiovascular system by counteracting catecholamine-induced sympathetic responses. These medications decrease heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output, potentially leading to cardiac depression, life-threatening bradycardia, and death. Therapeutically, β-blockers function as mild antihypertensives and are utilized in treating angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias. However, nonselective β-blockers inhibit β2-receptors in bronchial smooth...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which indirectly block calcium...
Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of β-Receptor Blockers01:25

Adrenergic Antagonists: Chemistry and Classification of β-Receptor Blockers

β-adrenergic antagonists, or β-blockers, modulate the sympathetic nervous system by targeting β-adrenoceptors and inhibiting catecholamine-mediated sympathetic responses. β-blockers differ in their adrenoceptor subtype affinity, lipophilicity, and α-blocking capabilities. The history of β-blocker development began with the prototype, dichloroisoprenaline, which exhibited partial agonist activity. As a result, propranolol was developed as a pure antagonist but nonselective agent, paving the way...
Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers01:31

Adrenergic Antagonists: ɑ and β-Receptor Blockers

Third-generation β-blockers, such as labetalol and carvedilol, represent a significant advancement in managing cardiovascular conditions. Unlike conventional β-blockers, which can induce peripheral vasoconstriction, third-generation drugs block α1 adrenoceptors. This promotes vasodilation through several mechanisms, such as increased nitric oxide production, inhibition of calcium ion entry, opening of potassium ion channels, and antioxidant action. Labetalol, for instance, is clinically...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment
09:27

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment

Published on: May 6, 2020

Characterization of monolithic matrix patch system containing tulobuterol.

Yun-Seok Rhee1, Seok-Young Kwon, Chun-Woong Park

  • 1School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.

Archives of Pharmacal Research
|September 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Acrylic adhesives with carboxyl groups enhance tulobuterol uptake but reduce release and skin permeation rates. This interaction is key for designing effective transdermal tulobuterol patches.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment
09:27

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment

Published on: May 6, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) offer advantages over oral administration.
  • Acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) are commonly used in transdermal patch formulations.
  • Understanding the influence of PSA functional groups on drug properties is crucial for optimizing patch performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of functional groups in acrylic adhesives on tulobuterol uptake, release, and skin permeation.
  • To establish relationships between these parameters for monolithic matrix patch formulation.
  • To guide the selection of appropriate PSAs for tulobuterol transdermal delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized and characterized seven acrylate PSAs with varying functional groups (non-functional, hydroxyl, carboxyl).
  • Quantified tulobuterol uptake into PSA matrices using a drug-uptake method.
  • Evaluated tulobuterol release and permeation rates across excised rat dorsal skin using monolithic patches.
  • Analyzed the correlation between PSA functional groups and drug transport parameters.

Main Results:

  • Acrylic polymers with carboxyl groups exhibited higher tulobuterol uptake compared to hydroxyl or non-functionalized PSAs.
  • PSAs containing carboxyl groups (DT-2353, DT-2852) demonstrated significantly lower tulobuterol release rates.
  • These carboxyl-functionalized PSAs also resulted in lower skin permeation rates of tulobuterol.
  • A clear interaction was observed between the secondary amino group of tulobuterol and the carboxyl group of the acrylate polymer.

Conclusions:

  • The functional group chemistry of acrylic PSAs critically influences tulobuterol's behavior in transdermal patches.
  • Carboxylic acid functional groups in PSAs can modulate drug uptake, release, and permeation, suggesting a specific drug-polymer interaction.
  • These findings underscore the importance of considering both drug structure and PSA functional groups for successful transdermal patch formulation.