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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order structures.
Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP02:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation- ChIP

Chromatin immunoprecipitation, or ChIP, is an antibody-based technique used to identify sites on DNA that bind to transcription factors of interest or histone proteins. It also helps determine the type of histone modifications such as acetylation, phosphorylation, or methylation.
Types of ChIP
ChIP can be divided into two types - X-ChIP and N-ChIP. X-ChIP involves in vivo cross-linking of histones and regulatory proteins to DNA, fragmenting the DNA by sonication, and isolating the protein-DNA...
Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.
22:27

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

Published on: May 6, 2010

Structural analysis of interphase X-chromatin based on statistical shape theory.

Siwei Yang1, Doris Illner, Kathrin Teller

  • 1Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, University of Heidelberg, BIOQUANT, IPMB, Heidelberg, Germany.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|September 16, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that the 3D shape of genomic regions on the X-chromosome is non-random. Statistical shape analysis shows active and inactive regions are independent, and nucleus shape influences chromatin structure.

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A Multilabel Single Molecule Localization Microscopy Protocol for Investigation of Chromatin in the Dense Nuclear Environment

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Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C
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Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C

Published on: October 14, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.
22:27

Hi-C: A Method to Study the Three-dimensional Architecture of Genomes.

Published on: May 6, 2010

A Multilabel Single Molecule Localization Microscopy Protocol for Investigation of Chromatin in the Dense Nuclear Environment
08:49

A Multilabel Single Molecule Localization Microscopy Protocol for Investigation of Chromatin in the Dense Nuclear Environment

Published on: June 5, 2026

Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C
09:32

Deciphering High-Resolution 3D Chromatin Organization via Capture Hi-C

Published on: October 14, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • The three-dimensional (3D) folding of genomic regions within a chromosome remains poorly understood.
  • Previous studies primarily focused on simple geometric features like distances and angles between genomic loci.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate complex geometric properties and the complete 3D shape formed by genomic regions.
  • To analyze the 3D structure of X-chromosomal genomic regions using advanced statistical shape theory.

Main Methods:

  • Application of statistical shape theory, including shape uniformity tests, 3D point-based registration, and Fisher distribution analysis.
  • Utilizing 3D non-rigid image registration for shape normalization of microscopy data.
  • Analysis of 3D microscopy images of X-chromosomes with simultaneously labeled genomic regions (BACs) via multicolor FISH.

Main Results:

  • The complete 3D structure of the analyzed genomic regions was found to be non-random.
  • The shapes of active and inactive X-chromosomal genomic regions were statistically independent.
  • Reconstruction of an average 3D chromatin structure for a small genomic region (below 4 Mb).
  • Geometric normalization relative to nucleus shape significantly influenced the localization of genomic regions.

Conclusions:

  • The 3D organization of genomic regions exhibits complex, non-random geometric properties.
  • Active and inactive X-chromosome regions possess statistically independent 3D shapes.
  • Nucleus shape plays a crucial role in determining the spatial arrangement of genomic structures, impacting chromatin organization analysis.