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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...

Muscles that Move the Thigh

Muscles that Move the Thigh

The thigh's motion is primarily governed by muscles originating in the pelvic girdle and inserted into the femur. One crucial muscle, the iliopsoas, is a combination of the psoas major and the iliacus muscles, sharing a common insertion point on the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Three other significant muscles are the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. The gluteus maximus originates from the posterior surface of the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx, and the thoracolumbar fascia...

Ankle Joint

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

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Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Published on: July 7, 2016

Iliotibial band tightness.

J C Gose, P Schweizer

The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy

|January 1, 1989

Summary

Iliotibial band (ITB) tightness is common in musculoskeletal conditions and can affect runners. Understanding ITB anatomy, biomechanics, and pathology aids in effective conservative treatment for mild to moderate cases.

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Sports Medicine
Physical Therapy

Background:

Iliotibial band (ITB) tightness is a frequent clinical finding in musculoskeletal disorders.
Historically, ITB issues have been observed in polio populations and are now recognized as a cause of "friction syndrome" in runners.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a historical review of the literature on the ITB.
To review the anatomy, biomechanics, and clinical pathology of the ITB.
To present evaluation and conservative treatment strategies for ITB tightness.

Main Methods:

Literature review of historical and recent studies on the ITB.
Analysis of anatomical and biomechanical factors contributing to ITB tightness.
Synthesis of clinical presentations, evaluation techniques, and treatment regimens.

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Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

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Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination

Published on: July 7, 2016

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Published on: May 1, 2018

Main Results:

The ITB is implicated in various lower extremity conditions, including those seen in polio patients and runners.
A comprehensive understanding of ITB characteristics is crucial for effective clinical management.
Successful conservative management strategies exist for minimal to moderate ITB tightness.

Conclusions:

Clinicians require a thorough understanding of ITB anatomy, biomechanics, and pathology for accurate diagnosis.
Conservative treatment approaches are effective for managing ITB tightness in many patients.
This review synthesizes current knowledge to guide clinical practice for ITB-related issues.