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Updated: Jul 1, 2026

Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
Published on: February 28, 2021
Calcium signaling: a common thread in vertebrate left-right axis development
Adam Langenbacher1, Jau-Nian Chen
1Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
Abstract:
The establishment of a left-right axis during vertebrate development is essential for coordinating the relative positions of the internal organs to ensure that they function appropriately. Studies in numerous model organisms have revealed differences in regulative mechanisms upstream of nodal signaling, a conserved pathway in left-right axis specification. This review will summarize the diverse pathways involved in the break of left-right symmetry and explore in depth the multiple roles of calcium in vertebrate left-right axis specification.
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