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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

Hyperthyroidism in a population with Down syndrome (DS).

Alberto Goday-Arno1, Mariaina Cerda-Esteva, Juana Antonia Flores-Le-Roux

  • 1Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Hospital Universitari del Mar, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. agoday@imas.imim.es

Clinical Endocrinology
|September 17, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyperthyroidism is more common in Down syndrome (DS) patients than the general population, primarily caused by Graves' disease. Standard drug treatments were ineffective, necessitating radioactive iodine therapy for all patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
06:38

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: March 7, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders are common in individuals with Down syndrome (DS).
  • While hypothyroidism is well-documented, hyperthyroidism data in DS populations is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence, causes, clinical presentation, progression, and treatment outcomes of hyperthyroidism in patients with DS.
  • To analyze a cohort of DS patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism at a specialized center.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 1832 medical records from the Catalan DS Foundation (1991-2006).
  • Inclusion of patients diagnosed with hyperthyroidism, collecting data on clinical features, diagnostics, treatment, and outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Twelve cases of hyperthyroidism were identified (6.5/1000 DS patients), with a mean age at diagnosis of 16.8 years.
  • Graves' disease was the confirmed etiology in all cases, presenting with diffuse goiter and occasional exophthalmia.
  • Anti-thyroid drugs failed to induce remission; all patients required radioactive iodine therapy, subsequently developing hypothyroidism requiring levothyroxine replacement.

Conclusions:

  • Hyperthyroidism is more prevalent in the DS population than in the general population, with Graves' disease as the primary cause.
  • Radioactive iodine therapy is the effective definitive treatment for hyperthyroidism in DS patients, as anti-thyroid drugs are often insufficient.
  • Long-term management includes monitoring for and treating hypothyroidism post-radioactive iodine therapy.