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Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
Published on: May 16, 2025
[Smoking--a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis development]
Anne Friesgaard Christensen1, Hanne Merete Lindegaard, Peter Junker
1Medicinsk Afdeling C, Odense Universitetshospital, DK-5000 Odense C. a.friesgaard@gmail.com
Abstract:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic disabling inflammatory joint disease of unknown aetiology. Genetic and environmental factors are implicated in its pathogenesis. We performed a literature search on MEDLINE, the Cochrane database and EMBASE on the interaction between smoking and RA. It is concluded that previous and current smoking constitute a risk factor for RA development. Smoking acts synergistically with other RA risk factors, including IgM-rheumatoid factor, anti-CCP and shared epitopes. The effect of smoking on the course of RA has not been described in sufficient detail.
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