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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray

The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...
Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT01:30

Radiological Investigation I: X-ray and CT

Radiological investigations, including X-rays and computed tomography (CT) scans, are critical for diagnosing and evaluating various medical conditions. These imaging techniques provide valuable insights into the body's internal structures, aiding in the detection of abnormalities, assessment of disease progression, and development of treatment strategies. This article delves into two primary radiological investigations, chest X-rays and CT scans, outlining their purpose, procedures, and the...

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X-ray diffraction imaging with the Multiple Inverse Fan Beam topology: principles, performance and potential for security screening.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
10:12

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

X-ray diffraction imaging--a multi-generational perspective.

G Harding1

  • 1GE Security Germany GmbH, Heselstuecken 3, 22453 Hamburg, Germany. Geoffrey.Harding@ge.com

Applied Radiation and Isotopes : Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine
|September 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

X-ray diffraction imaging (XDI) enhances security screening by detecting diverse threats like explosives and narcotics. Massively-parallel XDI systems significantly reduce measurement times, improving detection efficiency and feasibility.

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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction
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Stress Distribution During Cold Compression of Rocks and Mineral Aggregates Using Synchrotron-based X-Ray Diffraction

Published on: May 20, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Imaging Technology
  • Security Applications

Background:

  • X-ray diffraction imaging (XDI) is explored for security screening applications.
  • Detection of narcotics, explosives (organic, liquid, HMEs), and special nuclear materials (SNMs) are key applications.
  • Bayesian formulation addresses rare event scenarios and alarm probabilities in uncertain detection systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the technological feasibility of X-ray diffraction imaging (XDI) for security screening.
  • To demonstrate significant reductions in measurement time per volume element (voxel) using XDI.
  • To present a general scheme for designing massively-parallel (MP) XDI systems.

Main Methods:

  • XDI systems designed to record energy-dispersive XRD profiles from multiple voxels in parallel.
  • Development and discussion of first (1 voxel/s), second (100 voxels/s), and third (10^4 voxels/s) generation XDI configurations.
  • Comparison of three 3rd Generation XDI geometries: direct fan-beam, parallel beam, and inverse fan-beam.

Main Results:

  • XDI allows for substantial reduction in measurement time compared to classical X-ray diffractometers.
  • Massively-parallel designs enable parallel acquisition of XRD profiles from numerous voxels.
  • Technological realization of different 3rd Generation XDI geometries is evaluated.

Conclusions:

  • XDI is a technologically feasible and efficient modality for security screening.
  • MP-XDI systems offer significant improvements in speed and data acquisition.
  • Future development directions for XDI in screening applications are outlined.