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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Published on: March 31, 2023

Complex Nabothian cysts: a diagnostic dilemma.

Vladimir Sosnovski¹, Rafael Barenboim, Hector I Cohen

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Western Galilee Hospital-Nahariya, Hatechnion University, Nahariya, Israel.

Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics

|September 23, 2008

Summary

Large cervical cysts can cause significant cervical enlargement. Advanced imaging like ultrasound and MRI may aid diagnosis but may not prevent surgical intervention, such as hysterectomy.

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Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Microscopic Cyst Resection for the Treatment of Patients Diagnosed with Epididymal Cyst

Published on: March 31, 2023

Area of Science:

Gynecologic pathology
Diagnostic imaging

Background:

Cervical stroma can develop multiple and large cysts.
These cysts can lead to significant cervical enlargement.

Observation:

A case study involved a woman with two large intracervical cysts, one complex.
Diagnostic evaluation included ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Findings:

Hysterectomy confirmed the presence of Nabothian cysts.
In rare instances, intracervical cysts grow to very large dimensions.

Implications:

Ultrasound and MRI are valuable diagnostic tools for large intracervical cysts.
Despite advanced imaging, surgical intervention like hysterectomy may still be necessary.