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Related Concept Videos

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size. Today,...
X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus01:15

Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus

Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
Near the gonadal ridges, two duct systems are present: the mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) and paramesonephric ducts (Müllerian ducts). These ducts form the basis for the male...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Dissection of Larval Zebrafish Gonadal Tissue
10:43

Dissection of Larval Zebrafish Gonadal Tissue

Published on: April 26, 2017

[On the polypathias in males].

Iu Iu Shamurova, O F Kalev, Iu A Tiukov

    Problemy Sotsial'Noi Gigieny, Zdravookhraneniia I Istorii Meditsiny
    |September 24, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    Polypathias, defined as three or more diseases in one person, are prevalent in rural males. Circulatory, respiratory, and digestive diseases significantly contribute to the development of multiple chronic conditions.

    Area of Science:

    • Epidemiology
    • Public Health
    • Internal Medicine

    Background:

    • Polypathias, the co-occurrence of three or more diseases in an individual, represent a significant challenge in healthcare.
    • Understanding the prevalence and characteristics of polypathias is crucial for effective public health strategies and clinical management.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the structure and prevalence of polypathias in an adult male rural population.
    • To determine the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of multiple co-occurring diseases.

    Main Methods:

    • A comprehensive population study was conducted involving 1050 males aged 18 and older.
    • Data collection focused on identifying and quantifying the presence of multiple chronic conditions (mononozoology, binozoology, and multinozoology).

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    Induction and Evaluation of Inbreeding Crosses Using the Ant, Vollenhovia Emeryi
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    Inducing Complete Polyp Regeneration from the Aboral Physa of the Starlet Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis
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    Main Results:

    • Multinozoology was identified in 65.3% of individuals, binozoology in 18%, and mononozoology in 16.7%.
    • The prevalence of multinozoology was 604.7 per thousand, binozoology 166.8 per thousand, and mononozoology 154.4 per thousand.
    • Diseases of the circulatory system (428.0/1000), respiratory system (400.4/1000), and digestive system (368.9/1000) were the leading conditions contributing to multinozoology.

    Conclusions:

    • The study highlights the high prevalence of polypathias in the studied rural male population.
    • Circulatory, respiratory, and digestive diseases play a primary role in the development of multiple co-occurring chronic conditions.