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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse
07:46

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

Published on: October 25, 2024

Interplay between effector Th17 and regulatory T cells.

Amit Awasthi1, Gopal Murugaiyan, Vijay K Kuchroo

  • 1Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM 780, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Journal of Clinical Immunology
|September 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

The Th1/Th2 paradigm for T helper cells is evolving. New research highlights the role of T helper 17 (Th17) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in autoimmunity, challenging the dominance of Th1 cells.

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Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
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Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • The Th1/Th2 paradigm historically classified T helper cells based on cytokine profiles and functions.
  • This model helped understand immune responses but had limitations in explaining all autoimmune diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the emerging role of T helper 17 (Th17) cells in autoimmunity.
  • To explore the interplay between Th17 cells, Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs), and Tr1 cells in autoimmune inflammation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent immunological research.
  • Analysis of studies investigating T helper cell subsets and their role in autoimmune diseases.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests Th17 cells, producing IL-17, are key drivers of tissue inflammation and autoimmunity.
  • Loss of Th1-associated IFN-gamma did not prevent autoimmunity, indicating other T helper subsets are involved.
  • Th17 cell differentiation factors may influence the induction of Foxp3(+) Tregs.

Conclusions:

  • The understanding of T helper cell subsets in autoimmunity is expanding beyond the Th1/Th2 model.
  • Th17 cells and their interaction with regulatory T cell populations (Foxp3+ Tregs, Tr1 cells) are critical in autoimmune pathogenesis.