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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis E: does it cause chronic hepatitis?

Rakesh Aggarwal1

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India.

Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.)
|September 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection can lead to chronic hepatitis in organ transplant recipients. Lower T cell counts and shorter time to diagnosis were linked to chronic HEV development in these immunocompromised patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 30, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hepatology
  • Transplantation

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is typically associated with acute, self-limiting hepatitis.
  • Organ transplant recipients are immunocompromised, potentially altering HEV infection outcomes.

Discussion:

  • This study investigated HEV infection in liver, kidney, and combined kidney-pancreas transplant recipients.
  • Chronic hepatitis developed in a significant proportion of these patients, contrary to typical HEV course.
  • Factors associated with chronic HEV included shorter time from transplant to diagnosis and lower lymphocyte and T cell counts (CD2, CD3, CD4).

Key Insights:

  • HEV can cause chronic hepatitis in organ transplant recipients.
  • Immunosuppression and T cell depletion may predispose to chronic HEV.
  • Early diagnosis and monitoring of HEV RNA and liver enzymes are crucial in transplant patients.

Outlook:

  • Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms of HEV chronicity in transplant patients.
  • Development of targeted antiviral therapies for chronic HEV in immunocompromised populations is warranted.
  • Long-term surveillance for HEV in solid organ transplant recipients is recommended.