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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Published on: March 20, 2014

Fear conditioning to discontinuous auditory cues requires perirhinal cortical function.

D B Kholodar-Smith¹, T A Allen, T H Brown

¹Department of Psychology, Yale University, CT, USA.

Behavioral Neuroscience

|October 1, 2008

Summary

Perirhinal cortex lesions impair fear conditioning to complex sounds like ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) and simple patterned tones. This suggests the perirhinal cortex is crucial for integrating stimulus elements into unified sensory experiences.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Behavioral Neuroscience
Auditory Processing

Background:

The perirhinal cortex (PR) is implicated in associative learning and memory.
Previous research indicates PR lesions impair fear conditioning to ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs).
The specific features of USVs that engage PR-dependent fear conditioning remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate which stimulus features of USVs necessitate perirhinal cortex (PR) involvement in fear conditioning.
To differentiate the roles of temporal patterning versus spectral complexity in PR-dependent auditory fear conditioning.

Main Methods:

Rats underwent fear conditioning using three auditory stimuli: a multicall 19-kHz USV, a 19-kHz discontinuous tone mimicking the USV's temporal pattern, and a 19-kHz continuous tone.
Neurotoxic lesions were targeted to the PR cortex in a subset of rats.
Fear conditioning performance was assessed for each stimulus type and the training context.

Main Results:

PR lesions significantly impaired fear conditioning to the USV and the discontinuous tone.
PR lesions also impaired fear conditioning to the training context.
Conditioning to the continuous 19-kHz tone was unaffected by PR lesions.
The discontinuous tone replicated the temporal structure of the USV but lacked its frequency modulations.

Conclusions:

The perirhinal cortex (PR) is essential for fear conditioning to auditory stimuli with complex temporal structures, even when spectral complexity is absent.
PR lesions do not impair fear conditioning to simple, continuous tones.
These findings support the hypothesis that the PR cortex plays a critical role in binding disparate stimulus elements into coherent, unitary representations for associative learning.