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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 1, 2026

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

T-maze Forced Alternation and Left-right Discrimination Tasks for Assessing Working and Reference Memory in Mice

Published on: February 26, 2012

Testing spatial working memory in pigs using an automated T-maze.

L M Allen¹, D A Murphy¹, V Roldan¹

¹Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.

Oxford Open Neuroscience

|April 10, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pigs show natural alternation but struggle with delayed spatial tasks, indicating challenges in their working memory. This study introduces an automated T-maze to benchmark pig neurocognitive assessments.

Keywords:

declarative memory navigation spatial memory translational neuroscience working memory

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Last Updated: Jul 1, 2026

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Published on: February 26, 2012

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Area of Science:

Behavioral Neuroscience
Animal Models
Cognitive Science

Background:

Pigs are valuable translational research models but lack standardized neurocognitive assessments.
Behavioral neuroscience underutilizes pigs due to limited rigorous evaluations.
Existing T-maze paradigms offer cross-species cognitive insights.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate an automated T-maze for assessing pig spatial working memory.
To investigate pig performance on delayed spatial alternation tasks.
To establish a benchmark for future neurocognitive research in pigs.

Main Methods:

Constructed and automated a novel T-maze with corridors, doors, cameras, and reward dispensers.
Assessed nine pigs on simple and delayed spatial alternation tasks with varying delay intervals (5-240s).
Utilized coordinate-based video tracking for positional and head direction analysis, alongside error type and latency measurements.

Main Results:

Pigs naturally alternated, but performance significantly declined with increasing delays (R²=0.84).
Self-paced delays did not impact performance, suggesting an active interference model of working memory.
Positional and head direction data distinguished choices at short delays but not long ones.

Conclusions:

The automated T-maze effectively assesses spatial working memory in pigs.
Pig performance on delayed alternation tasks highlights limitations in their working memory capacity.
This validated tool provides a reliable benchmark for advancing pig neurocognitive research across diverse populations.