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Related Concept Videos

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios01:26

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

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Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Hazard Rate01:11

Hazard Rate

482
The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)
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Work-related deaths in children.

A Suruda1, W Halperin

  • 1Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, MD.

American Journal of Industrial Medicine
|January 1, 1991
PubMed
Summary

Child labor remains hazardous, with at least 100 annual US work-related deaths in minors. Investigations reveal common causes like industrial vehicles, electrocution, and falls, even in regulated industries.

Area of Science:

  • Occupational Safety and Health
  • Pediatric Public Health
  • Labor Law and Economics

Background:

  • Child labor fatalities are a significant public health concern.
  • Previous data on the scope of hazardous child labor is limited.
  • The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) aims to protect child workers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the causes and circumstances of work-related deaths in children.
  • To estimate the annual incidence of child labor fatalities in the US.
  • To assess the effectiveness of current regulations in preventing child worker deaths.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) fatality investigations from 1984-1987.
  • Inclusion of data from death certificates to estimate annual fatalities.

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  • Comparison of fatality circumstances with prohibitions under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).

    • Main Results:

    • 104 child work-related deaths were identified in the 1984-1987 OSHA investigation data.
    • Industrial vehicles/equipment, electrocution, and falls were leading causes of death.
    • 41% of fatalities involved work prohibited for children by the FLSA.
    • OSHA issued citations for safety violations in 70% of investigated deaths.
    • An estimated 100+ child work-related deaths occur annually in the US.

    Conclusions:

    • Hazardous child labor, resulting in fatalities, persists in the US.
    • Current regulations and enforcement by OSHA and FLSA are insufficient to prevent all child worker deaths.
    • Further measures are needed to protect children from dangerous work environments.