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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Memorization-Based Training and Testing Paradigm for Robust Vocal Identity Recognition in Expressive Speech Using Event-Related Potentials Analysis

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Published on: August 9, 2024

Temperature-dependent regulation of vocal pattern generator.

Ayako Yamaguchi¹, David Gooler, Amy Herrold

¹Boston University, Biology Department, Boston, MA 02215, USA. ay@bu.edu

Journal of Neurophysiology

|October 3, 2008

Summary

The vocal rhythms of male Xenopus laevis frogs are controlled by central pattern generators (CPGs) in the brain. Temperature influences CPGs, with cooling the dorsal tegmental area of the medulla (DTAM) reducing vocalization rates.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Bioacoustics
Animal Behavior

Background:

Vocalizations in Xenopus laevis are produced by central pattern generators (CPGs).
Male Xenopus laevis produce complex biphasic advertisement calls composed of fast and slow trills.
The influence of environmental factors like temperature on vocalization rhythms is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of temperature on the vocalization rhythms of Xenopus laevis.
To determine if temperature-dependent rate modifications originate in the central pattern generators.
To localize the brain region responsible for generating these vocal rhythms.

Main Methods:

In vivo and in vitro electrophysiological recordings were used to measure vocalization rates and neural activity.
Compound action potential frequency in the laryngeal nerve was recorded during fictive advertisement calls.
The effect of localized cooling of brain regions on vocalization rates was assessed.

Main Results:

Vocalization trill rates in Xenopus laevis increased linearly with increasing temperature in vivo.
A similar linear relationship was observed between temperature and compound action potential frequency in the laryngeal nerve in vitro.
Bilateral cooling of the dorsal tegmental area of the medulla (DTAM) significantly reduced both fast and slow trill rates.

Conclusions:

The trill rate of Xenopus laevis advertisement calls is temperature-sensitive, with this sensitivity originating in the central pattern generators.
The dorsal tegmental area of the medulla (DTAM) is identified as a key source of the biphasic vocal rhythms in Xenopus laevis.