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Related Concept Videos

Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

Actin Filament Depolymerization

Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
In F-actin, the ADF/cofilin proteins...
Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments01:14

Generation of Straight or Branched Actin Filaments

The straight or branched structure formation of actin filaments is controlled by nucleating proteins such as the formins and Arp2/3 complex. Formin-mediated assembly results in straight filaments, whereas Arp2/3 protein complex-mediated assembly results in branched actin filaments.
Arp2/3 Complex
Arp2/3 complex is a seven-subunit complex consisting of two proteins similar to actin- Arp2 and Arp3, and five other subunits that help keep Arp2 and Arp3 inactive. When required, the complex is...
Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation01:31

Mechanism of Lamellipodia Formation

Cells migrating in response to external stimuli form lamellipodia, which are thin membrane protrusions supported by a mesh of linked, branched, or unbranched actin filaments. These actin filaments interact with myosin motor proteins, creating the dynamic actomyosin complex within the cytoskeleton. Contractility, or the ability to generate contractile stress, is inherent to the actomyosin complex. It helps cells detect the stiffness of the surrounding ECM and exert contractile force for...
Mechanism of Filopodia Formation01:39

Mechanism of Filopodia Formation

Filopodia are thin, actin-rich cellular protrusions that play an important role in many fundamental cellular functions. They vary in their occurrence, length, and positioning in different cell types, suggesting their diverse roles.
Their main function is to guide migrating cells during normal tissue morphogenesis or cancer metastasis by recognizing and making initial contacts with the extracellular matrix. However, they can also act as stationary cell anchors or help to establish communication...
Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility01:13

Actin Polymerization and Cell Motility

Actin is a family of globular proteins that are highly abundant in eukaryotic cells. It makes up approximately 1-5% of total cell protein concentration. Actin monomers polymerize to form a complex network of polarized filaments, the actin cytoskeleton, that plays a crucial role in many cellular processes, including cell motility, division, endocytosis, and metastasis of cancer cells.
Actin cytoskeleton dynamics can produce pushing, pulling, and resistance forces that help the cell to migrate.
Actin Polymerization01:42

Actin Polymerization

Actin polymerization occurs through the head-to-tail association of binding sites on monomeric actin or G-actin to form filamentous or F-actin. The polymerization can be divided into three phases ̶  nucleation, elongation, and steady-state phase.
The nucleation phase involves forming a stable nucleus consisting of three actin monomers to form a new actin filament. Actin-binding proteins such as formins and Arp2/3 complex help filament growth post-nucleation. The Formins form straight actin...

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Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo
12:36

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay for the Identification of Arabidopsis Protein-DNA Interactions In Vivo

Published on: January 14, 2016

ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR9 controls development and gene expression in Arabidopsis.

Brunilís Burgos-Rivera1, Daniel R Ruzicka, Roger B Deal

  • 1Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.

Plant Molecular Biology
|October 3, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The actin depolymerizing factor ADF9 controls plant development by regulating actin dynamics and gene expression in the shoot apical meristem. Loss of ADF9 leads to smaller plants, altered flowering time, and changes in chromatin structure.

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A Method for Characterizing Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis
10:24

A Method for Characterizing Embryogenesis in Arabidopsis

Published on: August 4, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Cytoskeletal dynamics
  • Developmental genetics

Background:

  • Actin depolymerizing factors (ADF/cofilin) are crucial for regulating actin filament turnover and cellular signaling.
  • ADF proteins are ancient and conserved across plant and animal kingdoms.
  • ADF9 is a moderately expressed member of the Arabidopsis ADF gene family in the shoot apical meristem (SAM).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the function of ADF9 in Arabidopsis thaliana development.
  • To elucidate the role of ADF9 in regulating gene expression and chromatin state within the SAM.
  • To understand how ADF9 integrates cellular signals into cytoskeletal-dependent developmental pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of mutant alleles (adf9-1, adf9-2) with reduced ADF9 transcript levels.
  • Phenotypic characterization of mutant plants, including size, branching, callus formation, and flowering time.
  • Gene expression analysis of flowering time regulators FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and CONSTANS.
  • Chromatin analysis of FLC locus in mutant plants, assessing histone modifications and nucleosome occupancy.

Main Results:

  • Mutant plants exhibited significantly reduced size, fewer lateral branches, and impaired callus formation.
  • Mutants displayed accelerated flowering under long-day conditions, linked to decreased FLC and increased CONSTANS expression.
  • ADF9 complementation restored normal development and gene expression patterns.
  • FLC chromatin in mutants showed reduced H3K4 trimethylation and H3K9/14 acetylation, with increased nucleosome occupancy.

Conclusions:

  • ADF9 plays a critical role in controlling plant multicellular development by influencing both cytoplasmic and nuclear processes within the SAM.
  • ADF9 regulates developmental pathways through modulation of actin dynamics and epigenetic modifications at key developmental genes.
  • The findings highlight ADF9 as a key integrator of cellular signals controlling plant architecture and life cycle transitions.