The immunocompromised pediatric patient and surgery

Surgical procedures routinely challenge the pediatric host defense mechanisms. In normal situations the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms are prepared for this challenge. However, in many circumstances these mechanisms are compromised. In neonates, particularly premature infants, the immune system is not fully developed. The etiology of the immunocompromised state in pediatric patients may be primary (SCID, hypogammaglobulinemia) or secondary (cystic fibrosis, sickle cell disease). Knowledge of the basic elements of the immune system and how these elements are altered in the immunocompromised patient will help guide peri-operative management.