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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Information Processing Approach01:30

Information Processing Approach

The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is also...
Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

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Participant Modeling
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Gut-Brain Axis01:22

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging
12:21

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2011

Neurodevelopment and executive function in autism.

Kirsten O'Hearn1, Miya Asato, Sarah Ordaz

  • 1University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. ohearnk@upmc.edu

Development and Psychopathology
|October 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autism involves brain differences affecting social skills and behavior. While executive functions like response inhibition show early impairments, plasticity allows for developmental improvements, though mature function remains limited.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) research
  • Cognitive neuroscience

Background:

  • Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by social communication deficits and repetitive behaviors.
  • Brain imaging studies reveal early-onset gray and white matter abnormalities in autism, impacting association areas and functional integration.
  • Executive functions, crucial for complex cognitive tasks, are protracted in development and affected in autism.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate executive function impairments in autism.
  • To explore compensatory mechanisms and developmental trajectories of executive function in autism.
  • To understand the impact of brain network abnormalities on cognitive processing in autism.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies examining response inhibition and working memory in individuals with autism.
  • Analysis of age-related changes in executive function from childhood to adolescence in autism.
  • Examination of neuroimaging data correlating brain structure with executive function deficits.

Main Results:

  • Impairments in core executive functions, including response inhibition and working memory, are evident in autism.
  • Compensatory mechanisms enable normative functioning in some individuals with autism.
  • Age-related improvements in executive function are observed, indicating neuroplasticity.
  • Despite developmental gains, mature executive functioning remains limited in autism.

Conclusions:

  • Autism is characterized by significant executive function deficits, particularly in response inhibition and working memory.
  • Neuroplasticity offers potential for therapeutic intervention during a prolonged developmental window.
  • Widespread brain network abnormalities in autism may underlie persistent difficulties in complex information processing across domains.