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Related Concept Videos

Behavior Modification01:21

Behavior Modification

Behavioral approaches have often been criticized for ignoring mental processes and focusing solely on observable behavior. However, these approaches provide an optimistic perspective for individuals seeking to change their behaviors. Rather than concentrating on intrinsic personality traits, behavioral approaches suggest that even longstanding habits can be modified by changing the reward contingencies that maintain them.
A real-world application of operant conditioning principles is applied...
Schemas01:42

Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior01:28

Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior

Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
Counterfactual Thinking01:19

Counterfactual Thinking

Counterfactual thinking is a cognitive process wherein individuals mentally reconstruct alternative versions of past events, often beginning with “what if” or “if only.” This reflective mechanism plays a significant role in shaping emotional experiences and guiding future behavior. Though typically triggered by unfavorable or unexpected outcomes, counterfactual thinking can also emerge in mundane, everyday decisions and experiences, revealing its deep entrenchment in human cognition.Types of...
Social Scripts02:10

Social Scripts

People tend to know what behavior is expected of them in specific, familiar settings. A script is a person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting (Schank & Abelson, 1977). Essentially, scripts are a particular kind of schema, one containing default values for the features within an event. In the restaurant example, the script's features include the props (e.g., tables, menu, food, and money), the roles to be played (e.g., customer and waiter), the opening...
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat
09:45

New Variations for Strategy Set-shifting in the Rat

Published on: January 23, 2017

Modification of planned actions.

Sukhvinder S Obhi1, Shannon Matkovich, Sam J Gilbert

  • 1Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Canada. sobhi@wlu.ca

Experimental Brain Research
|October 9, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Switching from planned actions to externally triggered ones incurs a reaction time cost, especially for simpler tasks. Modifying actions further increases this cost, suggesting higher-level cognitive processes are involved.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Human Motor Control
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Understanding the cognitive processes behind action planning and modification is crucial for explaining human behavior.
  • Pre-movement modifications involve complex neural pathways that are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the time course and underlying mechanisms of pre-movement modification of planned actions.
  • To differentiate between costs associated with action switching and action modification.

Main Methods:

  • Participants prepared single or sequential key presses, with some trials interrupted by a tone.
  • Response conditions included executing the intended action, modifying it by adding an effector, or modifying it by removing an effector.

Main Results:

  • Switching from internally generated to externally triggered actions incurred a reaction time cost, greater for single than sequential actions.
  • Modified actions had significantly longer reaction times than unmodified actions.
  • Modifying actions to require fewer effectors took longer than modifying them to require more effectors.

Conclusions:

  • Reaction time costs suggest that action modification involves higher-level cognitive processing, not just motor execution.
  • Two distinct costs are proposed: a trigger switch cost and a motor command modification cost.
  • These processes may be mediated by frontal lobe regions.