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Related Concept Videos

Impact: Problem Solving01:26

Impact: Problem Solving

In an experiment conducted during a Mars mission, a rover propels a projectile with an initial velocity, and the projectile rebounds after colliding with the Martian surface. To ascertain the maximum height attained by the projectile after this collision, the known restitution coefficient and acceleration due to gravity are employed.
By designating the launch point as the origin and utilizing kinematic equations, the vertical component of the projectile's velocity at the point of impact is...
Projectile Motion01:25

Projectile Motion

Projectile motion models the flight of an object launched into the air, such as a soccer ball kicked during a penalty, under the simplifying assumption that air resistance is negligible. When gravity is the only force, the object experiences a steady downward acceleration at all times. This single fact explains why projectile motion can be analyzed as two independent motions happening simultaneously: a horizontal motion that does not speed up or slow down, and a vertical motion that continually...
Projectile Motion01:20

Projectile Motion

An object thrown in the air follows a parabolic path under the influence of Earth's gravitational force. The motion of such an object is called projectile motion, and the object itself a projectile. The parabolic path followed by the projectile is called the trajectory. Some common examples of projectile motion are the launching of fireworks, a golf ball in the air, meteors entering the Earth's atmosphere, and the firing of bullets.
When an object falls under gravity and has no horizontal...
Vector Functions and Motion: Problem Solving01:30

Vector Functions and Motion: Problem Solving

Accurate position tracking is fundamental to the safe and effective operation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), particularly during precision maneuvers near complex structures. In this scenario, a drone is programmed to perform a high-precision inspection of a vertical structure, starting at position ((x, y, z) = (3, 0, 0)), with an initial velocity oriented in the positive z-direction. The trajectory of the drone is governed by a time-dependent acceleration function a(t), which is predefined...
Real-World Applications of Space Curves01:29

Real-World Applications of Space Curves

Modern aerospace navigation depends on the accurate prediction of motion in three-dimensional space. In defense applications, radar systems continuously track both interceptors and moving aerial targets to find whether their flight paths will result in a collision. These motions are modeled mathematically as space curves, which represent paths that change continuously with time. Each object’s position is described by a vector function that specifies its location in terms of time-dependent...
Projectile Motion: Equations01:26

Projectile Motion: Equations

Projectile motion is commonly observed in our day-to-day life. For example, a basketball thrown by a player, an arrow shot from a bow, and kids jumping into the pool, all undergo projectile motion.
Any projectile motion problem can be solved by using the following strategy:

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Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior
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Trajectory dynamics and endpoint accuracy in targeted ballistic contractions.

Reem J Malik1, Joongsuk J Kim1, Basma Yacoubi1

  • 1Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.

Experimental Brain Research
|June 29, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Effort significantly impacts the accuracy of ballistic contractions, with accuracy peaking at 30% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and changing direction at higher efforts. Muscle activity and trajectory dynamics explain these effort-dependent accuracy changes.

Keywords:
Ballistic contractionsElectromyographyEndpoint accuracyTrajectory fluctuations

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Area of Science:

  • Motor control
  • Human movement science
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Effort influences neural commands for movements.
  • The effect of effort on endpoint accuracy in ballistic contractions is not well understood.
  • Understanding effort's role is crucial for explaining movement variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how effort-related changes in trajectory dynamics and muscle activation affect accuracy in ballistic goal-directed contractions.
  • To determine the relationship between force level and endpoint accuracy.
  • To identify neural and dynamic factors underlying accuracy changes.

Main Methods:

  • Eighteen healthy adults performed ballistic isometric index finger abductions at seven force levels (2-85% MVC).
  • Endpoint accuracy (bias and absolute error), force trajectory dynamics, and first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle activity (EMG) were quantified.
  • EMG activity was analyzed across different frequency bands.

Main Results:

  • Endpoint accuracy showed an effort-dependent reversal: overshooting at low forces, optimal accuracy at 30% MVC, and undershooting at high forces.
  • Absolute force error decreased with increasing effort, following a power-law trend.
  • Trajectory fluctuations and muscle activity varied with effort; increased 8-13 Hz EMG power predicted reduced bias error from 2-30% MVC.

Conclusions:

  • Endpoint accuracy in ballistic contractions is significantly influenced by effort level.
  • Trajectory dynamics and specific muscle activation patterns (e.g., 8-13 Hz EMG) explain effort-dependent accuracy changes.
  • These findings provide insight into the neural control of movement accuracy under varying effort conditions.