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Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules01:19

Oxidation and Reduction of Organic Molecules

Energy production within a cell involves many coordinated chemical pathways. Most of these pathways are combinations of oxidation and reduction reactions, which occur at the same time. An oxidation reaction strips an electron from an atom in a compound, and the addition of this electron to another compound is a reduction reaction. Because oxidation and reduction usually occur together, these pairs of reactions are called redox reactions.
The removal of an electron from a molecule, results in a...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...

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Related Experiment Video

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SNARE-mediated Fusion of Single Proteoliposomes with Tethered Supported Bilayers in a Microfluidic Flow Cell Monitored by Polarized TIRF Microscopy
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Redox-triggered contents release from liposomes.

Winston Ong1, Yuming Yang, Angela C Cruciano

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomodular Multiscale Systems, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|October 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed novel quinone-dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (Q-DOPE) liposomes for targeted drug delivery. These liposomes release their payload in response to specific enzyme activity, showing promise for treating diseases like cancer.

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Single Liposome Measurements for the Study of Proton-Pumping Membrane Enzymes Using Electrochemistry and Fluorescent Microscopy
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Responsive liposomes offer site-specific drug delivery by releasing payloads triggered by endogenous enzymes.
  • Existing triggered liposome systems are limited, necessitating the development of new responsive liposomes targeting diverse upregulated enzymes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel quinone-dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (Q-DOPE) liposomes for triggered payload release.
  • To investigate the redox-activated release mechanism of Q-DOPE liposomes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Q-DOPE lipids with a "trimethyl-locked" quinone redox switch.
  • Preparation of stable, approximately 100 nm diameter liposomes.
  • Assessment of payload release upon redox activation and enzyme-induced cleavage of the quinone headgroup.

Main Results:

  • Stable Q-DOPE liposomes (approx. 100 nm) were successfully synthesized.
  • Complete payload release was achieved via redox activation of the quinone headgroup.
  • Altering the "trimethyl-locked" switch deactivated the payload release mechanism, confirming its role.

Conclusions:

  • Q-DOPE liposomes represent a new class of triggered liposomal delivery systems.
  • These liposomes are activated by redox cleavage of the quinone headgroup, enabling site-specific payload release.
  • Q-DOPE liposomes hold potential for treating diseases associated with quinone reductase overexpression, such as cancers and inflammatory conditions.