Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological states or needs.
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A simple model of co-emergence of grid and place fields.

ArXiv·2026
Same author

A simple model of co-emergence of grid and place fields.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Spatial remapping in the subicular complex and entorhinal cortex follows low-dimensional geometric principles.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

How (not) to study deviance sensitivity and predictive coding in auditory cortex.

Hearing research·2026
Same author

Thalamic activation of the visual cortex at the single-synapse level.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026
Same author

A case series highlighting inter-individual variability in circadian & medication-driven beta dynamics from chronic STN-LFP recordings.

Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning
11:20

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Published on: June 2, 2014

Encoding by response duration in the basal ganglia.

Naama Parush1, David Arkadir, Alon Nevet

  • 1Interdisciplinary Center for Neural Computation, Department of Physiology, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. naamap@alice.nc.huji.ac.il

Journal of Neurophysiology
|October 10, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Basal ganglia (BG) response duration encodes reward information, demonstrating that the duration of neural "gate opening" transmits abstract stimulus features. This finding reveals a novel information coding mechanism beyond simple firing rate.

More Related Videos

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals
10:58

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals

Published on: February 14, 2014

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice
11:13

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: November 29, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 29, 2026

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning
11:20

Recording Single Neurons' Action Potentials from Freely Moving Pigeons Across Three Stages of Learning

Published on: June 2, 2014

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals
10:58

A Procedure for Implanting Organized Arrays of Microwires for Single-unit Recordings in Awake, Behaving Animals

Published on: February 14, 2014

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice
11:13

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice

Published on: November 29, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Information transmission in the basal ganglia (BG) is modeled using gating mechanisms.
  • Neuronal activity is thought to modulate the duration and extent of these gates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate that BG response duration encodes abstract stimulus features.
  • To show that neural "gate opening" duration transmits information through the BG.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of neuronal recordings from the external globus pallidus (GPe), substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc).
  • Utilized a probabilistic visuomotor task and trial-to-trial mutual information analysis.
  • Examined neuronal response modulation, including firing rate and response duration.

Main Results:

  • Most neurons (>85%) showed significant rate modulation post-cue.
  • Response duration encoded reward prospects in 42% of SNr, 26.9% of SNc, and 29.3% of GPe neurons.
  • Response duration was more informative than spike count or amplitude in duration-informative neurons.

Conclusions:

  • BG response duration provides information beyond firing rate.
  • Neural gate opening duration is a viable mechanism for information transmission in the BG.
  • This highlights a novel coding strategy in basal ganglia circuits.